The theory of indifference curves was developed by Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, who explained in his book " Mathematical Psychics: an Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences ”, 1881, the mathematics needed for its drawing ; later on, Vilfredo Pareto was the first author to actually draw these curves, in his book " Manual of Political Economy ", 1906 ; and others in the first part of the 20th century.

The Kaldor criterion is that an activity contributes to Pareto optimality if the maximum amount the gainers are prepared to pay to the losers to agree to the change is greater than the minimum amount losers are prepared to accept ; the Hicks criterion is that an activity contributes to Pareto optimality if the maximum amount the losers would pay the gainers to forgo the change is less than the minimum amount the gainers would accept to so agree.

The use of the Latin form Homo economicus is certainly long established ; Persky traces it back to Pareto ( 1906 ) but notes that it may be older.

Not all points on the curve are Pareto efficient, however ; only in the case where the marginal rate of transformation is equal to all consumers ' marginal rate of substitution and hence equal to the ratio of prices will it be impossible to find any trade that will make no consumer worse off.

Each point on a social utility frontier represents an efficient allocation of an economy's resources ; that is, it is a Pareto optimum in factor allocation, in production, in consumption, and in the interaction of production and consumption ( supply and demand ).

However, the loss to consumers is precisely offset by the gain to producers ; therefore the resulting equilibrium is still Pareto efficient.

However, Pareto efficiency is not necessarily the same thing as desirability ; it merely indicates that no one can be made better off without someone being made worse off.

Generally speaking, in most decision problems the set of admissible rules is large, even infinite, so this is not a sufficient criterion to pin down a single rule, but as will be seen there are some good reasons to favor admissible rules ; compare Pareto efficiency.

The Uniconer has several outstanding features -- it operates with much greater efficiency than existing equipment ; ;

Small antelope were generally grassed with one shot, and the Magnum carbine also bagged reedbuck, kob and wart hog with deadly efficiency ; ;

On one hand, the library profession called for designs that supported efficiency in administration and operation ; on the other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced the paternalistic metaphor and enhanced civic pride.

It can be convenient to use the cistern as a heat sink or trap for a heat pump or air conditioning system ; however this can make cold drinking water warm, and in drier years may decrease the efficiency of the HVAC system.

The objective is to ensure the stability and efficiency of the system and compliance to rules and regulations ; the bank pursues it through secondary legislation, controls and cooperation with governmental authorities.

According to Blair ( 1997 ) British Steel faced serious problems at the time of its formation, including obsolescent plants ; plants operating under capacity and thus at low efficiency ; outdated technology ; price controls that reduced marketing flexibility ; soaring coal and oil costs ; lack of capital investment funds ; and increasing competition on the world market.

The candela ( or ; symbol: cd ) is the SI base unit of luminous intensity ; that is, power emitted by a light source in a particular direction, weighted by the luminosity function ( a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths, also known as the luminous efficiency function ).

The expected increase of fuel efficiency of the engine ( caused by the higher temperature, as shown by Carnot's theorem ) could not be verified experimentally ; it was found that the heat transfer on the hot ceramic cylinder walls is higher than the transfer to a cooler metal wall.

Curried functions may be used in any language that supports closures ; however, uncurried functions are generally preferred for efficiency reasons, since the overhead of partial application and closure creation can then be avoided for most function calls.

The benefit of maximum likelihood estimation is asymptotic efficiency ; estimating x < sub > 0 </ sub > using the sample median is only about 81 % as asymptotically efficient as estimating x < sub > 0 </ sub > by maximum likelihood.

; Leonardo da Vinci's catapult: Leonardo da Vinci sought to improve the efficiency and range of earlier designs.

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

* Power needed to operate ( Energy per time ; energy per byte accessed ), Energy efficiency, Heat to dissipate.

* Power needed to operate ( Energy per time ; energy per byte accessed ), Energy efficiency, Heat to dissipate.

Due to the efficiency of the rythmo band, the number of retakes can be reduced, resulting in substantial savings in recording time ; although, the time saved in the studio requires a long preparatory process.

The fuel cell can turn the chemical energy bound in hydrocarbon gases or hydrogen directly into electrical energy with much higher efficiency than any combustion process ; such devices have powered many spacecraft and are being applied to grid energy storage for the public power system.

Immediate steps were taken to improve efficiency within the army: encouragement and, where possible, money, was sent to the commanders in the field ; promotion and honours were distributed according to service rather than influence ; and discipline improved.

The Council votes in one of three ways ; unanimity, simple majority, or qualified majority.

He was consecrated in September 885 without waiting for the imperial confirmation ; but when Charles the Fat found with what unanimity he had been elected he let the matter rest.

The idea of fusing the common-law and equity courts first came to prominence in the 1850s ; although the Law Times dismissed it as " suicide " in 1852, the idea gained mainstream credibility, and by the end of the year the Times was writing that there was " almost unanimity " of opinion that the existence of two separate systems was " the parent of most of the defects in the administration of our law ".

In all the action of the church unanimity was considered to be necessary ; if any member differed in opinion from the rest, he must either surrender his judgement to that of the church, or be shut out from its communion.

Bertwald, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was present at the assembly which devised the decrees, and so was Gefmund, the Bishop of Rochester ; and " every order of the Church of that nation spoke in unanimity with the loyal people ".

The United States Supreme Court ruled in Apodaca v. Oregon that the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution mandates unanimity for a guilty verdict in a federal court jury trial ; but that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment does not require jury unanimity in state courts.

Notwithstanding this, many U. S. states do require jury unanimity for a finding of guilty ; for example, article 21 of the Maryland Constitution's Declaration of Rights states:

an intriguing glimpse into a kind of Christianity lost for almost fifteen hundred years ... presents a radical interpretation of Jesus ' teachings as a path to inner spiritual knowledge ; it rejects His suffering and death as the path to eternal life ; it exposes the erroneous view that Mary of Magdala was a prostitute for what it is — a piece of theological fiction ; it presents the most straightforward and convincing argument in any early Christian writing for the legitimacy of women's leadership ; it offers a sharp critique of illegitimate power and a utopian vision of spiritual perfection ; it challenges our rather romantic views about the harmony and unanimity of the first Christians ; and it asks us to rethink the basis for church authority.

:* Patristics-The Holy Fathers are of supreme authority whenever they all interpret in one and the same manner any text of the Bible, as pertaining to the doctrine of faith or morals ; for their unanimity clearly evinces that such interpretation has come down from the Apostles as a matter of Catholic faith.

Chance of conformity is influenced by several factors ; an increase in group size but only to a certain degree at which it plateaus, and degree of unanimity and commitment to the group.

In the Council of the European Union, an abstention on a matter decided by unanimity has the effect of a yes vote ; on matters decided by qualified majority it has an effect of a no vote.

The league adopted the constitution of the CAHL, except that new teams could join on a majority vote, unlike the unanimity required by the CAHL ; and that any players who played in another league would be permanently suspended from play in the FAHL.

His publications include Los nenúfares de piedra, stories, ( Ángel Acosta First Prize for Narrative, 1981 ); La cadena de agua y otros cuentos ( 1984 ); El camarote de la memoria ( Ángel Guerra Prize for Novel, 1986 ), edited by Cathedral Editorial ( Madrid, 1987 ) and reedited in the collection Anthology of Canary Literature ; La rotura indemne and La red, first prize for unanimity from the Competition of Canary Stories ( 1986 ); La mirada de plata, stories, 1991 ; Proa en nieblas, stories, Ediciones Baile del Sol, 2001 ( Tenerife ); Breves atajos, stories and short stories, Ediciones Baile del Sol, 2001 ( Tenerife ), and Línea de naufragio ( First Prize for unanimity from the VIII Competition Ateneo de La Laguna-CajaCanarias, 2002 ), published by Ediciones El Toro de Barro, Madrid / Cuenca, 2003.

If it were not for an old professor who made me read the classics I would have been stymied on what to do, and now I understand why they are classics ; ;

Fruit compote: `` If you think I would understand it '' ; ;

If there were only the mess, all would be clear ; ;

If they avoid the use of the pungent, outlawed four-letter word it is because it is taboo ; ;

If he is good, he may not be legal ; ;

If we were creating a wholly new society, we could insist that our social, political, economic and philosophic institutions foster rather than hamper man ; ;

If I now risk some comparisons with Sons And Lovers let it be clear that I am not comparing the two works or judging their merits ; ;

If we want to preserve our sovereignty, this is the way to do it ; ;

If design head has a deep cavity, clay lid will be quite thick at this point ; ;

If the Af bond is linear then there are three reasonable positions for the hydrogen atoms: ( 1 ) The hydrogen atoms are centered and hence all lie on a sheet midway between the oxygen sheets ; ;

If the inner functions of religion are performed, the individual is a composed, ordered, motivated, and emotionally secure associate ; ;

If the succession is a matter of public record, certificates of the Secretaries of State or other public officials having custody of the documents will suffice ; ;

If this must be done, they should always be corked and kept in a cool place ; ;