With regard to the Serbs, Žerjavić's calculation ended with a total of 197, 000 Serbian civilian victims on the territory of the Independent State of Croatia: 50, 000 in the Jasenovac concentration camp, 25, 000 died of typhoid, 45, 000 killed by the Germans, 15, 000 killed by Italians, 34, 000 civilians killed in battles between Ustaše, Chetniks and Partisans, 28, 000 killed in prisons, pits and other camps, etc.

After the capitulation of Italy in 1943, the Partisans temporarily liberated Split and disarmed the Italian garrison, but the Germans re-occupied the city and granted it to the fascist puppet government of the Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) they had installed in Zagreb in 1941.

In 1945, the Partisans, numbering over 800, 000 strong defeated the Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia and the Wehrmacht, achieving a hard-fought breakthrough in the Syrmian front in late winter, taking Sarajevo in early April, and the rest of the NDH and Slovenia through mid-May.

The Partisans gained an effective air force in May 1942, when the pilots of two aircraft belonging to the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia ( French-designed and Yugoslav-built Potez 25, and Breguet 19 biplanes, themselves formerly of the Royal Yugoslav Air Force ), Franjo Kluz and Rudi Čajavec, defected to the Partisans in Bosnia.

They were denied by the State Department, because the U. S. had befriended the Communist Partisans in the latter stages of the war, and did not want to disrupt their relations with the Communist Yugoslav government that was created post war.

After the fall of Independent State of Croatia, Stanzer was captured, tried and sentenced to death by the communist Partisans.

The Supreme Headquarters of the Partisans was located in the town of Drvar, Bosnia, within the territory of the German puppet state the Independent State of Croatia ( which included today's Bosnia and Herzegovina ).

Jalal's other books include: " The State of Martial Rule: the Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence " ( Cambridge University Pres, 1990 ); " Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: a Comparative and Historical Perspective " ( Cambridge University Press 1995 ); " Modern South Asia: History, Culture and Political Economy ", coauthored with Sugata Bose ( Routledge 1998 ); " Self and Sovereignty: the Muslim Individual and the Community of Islam in South Asia since c. 1850 " ( Routledge, 2000 ) and " Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia " ( Harvard University Press, 2008 ).

When the Independent State of Croatia collapsed, Budak was captured by English military authorities and handed over to Tito's Partisans on 18 May 1945.

On 13 July 1941, in Italian-occupied Montenegro Montenegrin separatist Sekula Drljević proclaimed an Independent State of Montenegro under Italian protectorate, upon which a nation-wide rebellion escalated raised by Partisans, Yugoslav Royal officers and various other armed personnel.

In December 1942, under Communist Party orders, Škorpik defected from the forces of the newly formed Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) and joined the Partisans.

In 2010, the remains of 23 people killed by Yugoslav Partisans were found in two pits near the Doboj settlement of Majevac.

Shortly afterward these areas were occupied by the German Wehrmacht and SS forces, which drove away Josip Broz Tito's Partisans and found the remains of several hundred killed Italians, executed by Yugoslav partisan troops.

" Partisans have so often used this distorted quotation to discredit him that Internet pioneer Vint Cerf ( and others who participated in actually inventing the Internet ) have made a point of noting Gore's support and the error of the discreditors.

Katz elaborated on this in 2003 in The Battle for Rome: The Germans, The Allies, The Partisans, and The Pope, September 1943 – June 1944, using evidence from recently released OSS and Vatican sources that certain German diplomats, notably Eugen Dollmann, Himmler's representative in Rome and German Consul Eitel Möllhausen had gone to Pope Pius's personal liaison to the German occupational authorities, Pankratius Pfeiffer, asking him to urge the Pope to intervene and limit reprisals on the grounds that they would inflame the Roman population and make the occupation ( and negotiations for a separate peace with the Allies they all fervently wished for ) even more difficult.

Churchill told him to parachute into Jugoslavia ( now spelled Yugoslavia ) as head of a military mission accredited to Josip Broz Tito ( a shadowy figure at that point ) or whoever was in charge of the Partisans, the Communist-led resistance movement.

In the second half of May 1942, like Rudi Čajavec before him, he defected to the Partisans with his Potez 25 aircraft.

After the Partisans managed to endure and avoid these intense Axis attacks between January and June 1943, and the extent of Chetnik collaboration became evident, Allied leaders switched their support from Draža Mihailović to Tito.

With their strategic right flank secured by the Allied advance, the Partisans prepared and executed a massive general offensive which succeeded in breaking through German lines and forcing a retreat beyond Yugoslav borders.

The highly mobile Partisans, however, carried on their guerrilla warfare with great success.

Partisans often use captured weapons taken from their enemies, or weapons that have been stolen or smuggled in.

The military strength of the communists was still relatively feeble at the end of 1941, but the rapid growth of the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans ( FTP ), a radical armed movement, ensured that French communists regained their reputation as an effective anti-fascist force.

Partisans of this movement, such as supporters of the World Federalist Movement, claim that nations should cooperate because their long-term mutual interests are of greater value than their individual short term needs.

During this war and after it, the Partisans killed many civilians who did not support their Communist ideals.

Partisans were involved in the Rail War campaign against German supply lines and were known for their efficiency in gathering intelligence and for sabotage.

And then we would switch off the wireless a little guiltily, for the Partisans, we knew, were shocked at the strange pleasure we got from listening to the singing of the German woman who was queening it in their capital.

The Chetniks used terror tactics against the Croats in areas where Serbs and Croats were intermixed, against the Muslim population in Bosnia, Herzegovina and Sandžak, and against the Partisans and their supporters in all areas.

The terror tactics used by the Chetniks against the Croats was largely a reaction against the mass terror perpetrated by the Ustaše, and the terror against the Partisans and their supporters was ideologically-driven.

The Partisans executed many Ustashe, as well as their collaborators, particularly in a series of atrocities referred to as the Bleiburg tragedy.

Partisans of a less absolute monarchy ( such as Fénelon ) called for their abolishment.

The Partisans, outnumbered and engaged in major battles with the Chetnik formations of Colonel Draža Mihajlović, Ustasha militias and the combined German and Italian regular forces, were steadily forced into retreat until an elaborate deception plan allowed the Partisans to escape their pursuers.

However, the fact that after their successful breakout the Partisans were still able to mount major counter offensives proved to be a turning point in the battle for control of Yugoslavia.

Partisans of Tito retaliated against the Catholic clergy for their perceived or actual collaboration with the Ustaše ; by February 1945, at least fourteen priests had been killed ; by March 1945, as many as 160 priests ; by the end of the year, 270 priests.

The concept of " ten Italians for one German " is also frequently cited in making this argument, implying that the Partisans could or should have realized beforehand that their attack would cost 330 innocent Italians their lives.

With the birth of the communist Partisans in 1941 in time for the Second World War, their flags showed the same Pan-Slavic colours on them ( arranged according to nationality ) but this time a red star was added in the middle.

However, due to frequent changes in size and structural reorganizations, the Partisans throughout their history held four full official names:

Because of this, their short name became simply the " Partisans " ( capitalized ), and stuck henceforward ( the adjective " Yugoslav " is used sometimes in exclusively non-Yugoslav sources to distinguish them from other partisan movements ).

Later in the conflict the Partisans were able to win the moral, as well as limited material support of the western Allies, who until then had supported General Draža Mihailović's Chetnik Forces, but were finally convinced of their collaboration fighting by many military missions dispatched to both sides during the course of the war.

The search for intelligence ultimately resulted in the demise of the Chetniks and their eclipse by Tito ’ s Partisans.

From the start, the Yugoslav resistance forces consisted of two factions: the communist-led Yugoslav Partisans and the royalist Chetniks, with the former receiving Allied recognition only at the Tehran conference ( 1943 ).

In May 1945, the Partisans met with Allied forces outside former Yugoslav borders, after also taking over Trieste and parts of the southern Austrian provinces of Styria and Carinthia.

A cabinet for the new Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was formed, with twenty five of the twenty eight members being former Communist Yugoslav Partisans led by Josip Broz Tito.

In the 1990s there was a revisionist campaign by Il Giornale, a newspaper owned by Paolo Berlusconi, brother of former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, to re-label the World War II Partisans responsible for the attack on Via Rasella as " terrorists ".

Subsequently the Poglavnik ( leader ) of the NDH ordered the armed forces not to surrender to the Partisans but retreat to Austria over the former border of the Third Reich.

Despite being incorrectly suspected of pro-Axis sympathies because of his time in pre-war Italy and of his Catholicism, Guy is posted to Yugoslavia where he is appalled by the Partisans, befriends a small group of Jews and finds out that his former friend de Souza's loyalties are with Communism rather than with England.

After Josip Broz Tito's Partisans seized power in 1944, a new Radio Belgrade, this time under Communist control, continued its operation and gradually became the most influential broadcast medium in Serbia and the former Yugoslavia.

Berman served as chairman of the Israel's Organization of Anti-Nazi Fighters, and a member of the presidium of the World Organization of Jewish Partisans and former Nazi Prisoners.

Lastly, at least 120 former Black Legion men were executed by the Partisans at Sisak in May 1945.