For example, in English law the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 provides that if a copyrighted work is made by an employee in the course of that employment, the copyright is automatically owned by the employer which would be a " Work for Hire.

Patents have been granted for living organisms, ( and in the US, certain living organisms have been patentable for over a century ) and colors have been trademarked.

The Patents Company also established a uniform rental rate for all licensed films, thereby removing price as a factor for the exhibitor in film selection, in favor of selection made on quality, which in turn encouraged the upgrading of production values.

* 1963 – The Convention on the Unification of Certain Points of Substantive Law on Patents for Invention is signed at Strasbourg.

Section 30 ( 1 ) of the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 ( apparently in transposition of Article 5 ( 3 )( d ) of the EU Copyright Directive on " quotations ") allows " fair dealing " with a copyright work for the purpose of criticism or review, provided that it is accompanied by a sufficient acknowledgement.

Patents were awarded to him in the early 1990s on techniques for protecting " biological membranes " and proteins in the dry state.

Legal protection for cultivars is obtained through the use of Plant breeders ’ rights and plant Patents but the specific legislation and procedures needed to take advantage of this protection vary from country to country.

* Following litigation for anti-trust activities, the US Supreme Court orders the Motion Picture Patents Company to disband.

* U. S. Patent 3575744 for Nitronium Perchlorate Propellant Composition, at Google Patents

* ITSSD Comments Concerning SCP / 13 / 2 – Standards and Patents, Institute for Trade, Standards and Sustainable Development, ( March 2009 )

* Supplement to ITSSD Comments Concerning the WIPO Report on Standards and Patents ( SCP / 13 / 2 ) Paragraph 44, Institute for Trade, Standards and Sustainable Development, ( January 2010 )

* Patents for software?

Phillips formed the Phillips Screw Company in 1934, and after refining the design himself ( U. S. Patent # 2, 046, 343, U. S. Patents # 2, 046, 837 to 2, 046, 840 ) for the American Screw Company of Providence, Rhode Island, succeeded in getting the design quickly adopted by industry.

Harney was Ireland's representative to the European Council of Ministers for the Software Patents Directive.

Patents are issued for the style, design, and construction methodology of different types of topiary trees.

* Convention on the Unification of Certain Points of Substantive Law on Patents for Invention ( Strasbourg Convention of 1963 )

Patents give a firm the legal right to stop other firms producing a product for a given period of time, and so restrict entry into a market.

Podesta held positions on Capitol Hill, including Counselor to Democratic Leader Senator Thomas Daschle ( 1995 – 1996 ); Chief Counsel for the Senate Agriculture Committee ( 1987 – 1988 ); Chief Minority Counsel for the Senate Judiciary Subcommittees on Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks ; Security and Terrorism ; and Regulatory Reform ; and Counsel on the Majority Staff of the Senate Judiciary Committee ( 1979 – 1981 ).

According to section 1 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, a work is eligible for copyright protection if it is:

Patents and technical reports, for minor research results and engineering and design work ( including computer software ) can also be considered primary literature.

See, for example, British Leyland Motor Corp. v. Armstrong Patents Co. in the UK, and Aro Mfg.

Patents related to tandem bicycles date from the late 19th century.

Vertical differential coil technique is also described in Kinman's US Patents 5, 668, 520 and 6, 103, 966 with priority date of March 1996.

Patents from the 1910s show telephone transmitters adapted and placed inside violins and banjos to amplify the sound.

* The Case Against Patents: Selected Reprints from " Midnight Engineering " & " Nuts & Volts " Magazines ( Synergetics Press, January 1996 ).

During that period, he served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Interior from 1885 to 1887 and of the Committee on Patents from 1887 to 1889.

* Thomas Edison formed the Motion Picture Patents Company, with goals of controlling production and distribution, raising theater admission prices, cooperating with censorship bodies, and preventing film stock from getting into the hands of nonmember producers.

Patents and Trade-Marks A Copyright will protect you from Pirates.

Patents disclose to society how an invention is practiced, in return for the right ( during a limited term ) to exclude others from manufacturing, selling, offering for sale or using the patented invention without the patentee's permission.

The Voluntary Tender Act of 1917 gave the Commissioner of Patents the authority to withhold certification from inventions that might harm U. S. national security, and to turn the invention over to the United States government for its own use.

Gannon created Chaotic USA Entertainment Group and, in August, 2005, licensed the patented technology ,( US Patents 5, 810, 666 & 5, 954, 332 ) from Cornerstone Patent Technologies, LLC to bring the property up to the standards required for a global brand.

Foundations in Finland must have state approval and register at the National Board of Patents and Registration within six months from its creation.

From 1851 to 1853 he was Comptroller of Maryland and then collector of the port of Baltimore from 1853 to 1860, and United States Commissioner of Patents for a fragment of that year ( February through December ).

Patents evolved from letters patent, issued by the monarch to grant monopolies over particular industries to skilled individuals with new techniques.

Patents were normally divided into three categories ; patents for a particular invention, patents exempting a patent-holder from legislation, and patents for a particular trade or industry.

* Patent for Rotor Re-entry by Albert W Small, filed 1944 from Free Patents On-line, retrieved 27 February 2011.

Following the launch of the Senate inquiry into Gene Patents by Senator Heffernan, Mervyn Jacobsen, founder and 40 per cent shareholder of the Melbourne company Genetic Technologies, which holds the patents for BRCA1 and BRCA2, backed down from threatened legal action.

* Patents may be very different from the published applications, so the published application may only serve as a guide to the final scope of protection.

*** Patents, including appeals arising from an action against the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks under

A diplomatic conference was held from 20 November to 29 November 2000 in Munich to revise the Convention on the Grant of European Patents of 5 October 1973, amongst other things to integrate in the EPC new developments in international law, especially those of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ( TRIPs Agreement ) and of the Patent Law Treaty, and to add a level of judicial review of the Boards of Appeal decisions.

This Convention is quite different from the European Patent Convention ( EPC ), which establishes an independent system for granting European Patents.

Los Angeles also seemed to offer geographical isolation from Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company ( MPPC ), a cartel which Selig later reluctantly joined.

On the day of the July 1997 vote, a number of people in wheelchairs from these groups demonstrated outside the main hall in Strasbourg, chanting the pharmaceutical industry's slogan, " No Patents, No Cure " in an emotional appeal to Parliamentarians to vote for the Directive.