In this paper, elaborating on the works of Lewis, and the valence bond theory ( VB ) of Heitler and London, and his own earlier works, Pauling presented six rules for the shared electron bond, the first three of which were already generally known:

Linus Pauling was the first to identify the 3. 6 amino acids per helix turn ratio of the α helix.

Given Pauling's recent success in discovering the Alpha helix, they feared that Pauling might also be the first to determine the structure of DNA.

The first two were Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 and Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911, and Linus Pauling, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954 and Nobel Peace Prize in 1962.

Linus Pauling is credited with the successful prediction of regular protein secondary structures based on hydrogen bonding, an idea first put forth by William Astbury in 1933.

The regular alpha helix and beta sheet structures fold rapidly because they are stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds, as was first characterized by Linus Pauling.

The notion of the existence of a so-called " molecular clock " was first attributed to Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling who, in 1962, noticed that the number of amino acid differences in hemoglobin between different lineages changes roughly linearly with time, as estimated from fossil evidence.

Since the first claims of medical breakthroughs with vitamin C by Pauling and others, findings on the health effects of vitamin C have been controversial and contradictory.

Brown modeled his first band after the " 5 " Royales, and both Eric Clapton and legendary Stax guitarist Steve Cropper cite Pauling as a key influence.

Veteran rock critic Dave Marsh chose the 1958 " 5 " Royales hit " The Slummer the Slum " as one of the top 1001 singles of all time in his book The Heart of Rock and Soul, crediting Pauling with capturing the first intentional use of guitar feedback on record, years before better-known squawks from the Beatles, Yardbirds, and Velvet Underground.

It was introduced in 1929 by Sir John Lennard-Jones with the description of bonding in the diatomic molecules of the first main row of the periodic table, but had been used earlier by Linus Pauling for H < sub > 2 </ sub >< sup >+</ sup >.

The accepted crystal structure of ordinary ice was first proposed by Linus Pauling in 1935.

Chemist Linus Pauling first developed the hybridisation theory in order to explain the structure of molecules such as methane ( CH < sub > 4 </ sub >).

One of the first examples of residual entropy was pointed out by Pauling to describe water ice.

Zuckerkandl's first project under Pauling ( working with graduate student Richard T. Jones ) was the application of new protein identification techniques — a combination of paper chromatography and electrophoresis that produced a two-dimensional pattern — to hemoglobin.

During 1962, Pauling and Zuckerkandl published their first paper using the molecular clock concept ( though not yet by that name ).

A refined version was proposed by Linus Pauling and Robert Corey in 1951.

The deficiencies of valence bond theory became apparent when hypervalent molecules ( e. g. PF < sub > 5 </ sub >) were explained without the use of d orbitals that were crucial to the bonding hybridisation scheme proposed for such molecules by Pauling.

First proposed by Linus Pauling in 1932 as a development of valence bond theory, it has been shown to correlate with a number of other chemical properties.

The most commonly used method of calculation is that originally proposed by Linus Pauling.

Linus Pauling had published a proposed but incorrect structure of DNA, making the same basic error that Watson and Crick had made a year earlier.

Pauling proposed that the open tetrahedral structure of ice affords many equivalent states satisfying the ice rules.

Linus Pauling proposed that the double bond results from two equivalent bonds, which later came to be called banana bonds or tau bonds.

Thus, it is this semi-empirical formula for bond energy that underlies Pauling electronegativity concept.

Eugenics was a concept adhered to by many thinkers in the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s, such as Margaret Sanger, Marie Stopes, H. G. Wells, Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, Emile Zola, George Bernard Shaw, John Maynard Keynes, John Harvey Kellogg, Linus Pauling and Sidney Webb.

A similar concept ( even in a more ambitious form, as it included the recreation of inferred extinct states ) has been developed in pre-DNA era by Linus Pauling and Emile Zuckerkandl ( 1963 ).

* Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling name their concept of the molecular clock.

* Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling publish a paper introducing what will become known as the molecular clock concept.

He is best known for introducing, with Linus Pauling, the concept of the " molecular clock ", which enabled the neutral theory of molecular evolution.

Astatine has an electronegativity of 2. 2 on the revised Pauling scale.

* Electronegativities of the elements ( data page ) — electronegativity ( Pauling scale )

When other methods of calculation are used, it is conventional ( although not obligatory ) to quote the results on a scale that covers the same range of numerical values: this is known as an electronegativity in Pauling units.

Hence, the difference in Pauling electronegativity between hydrogen and bromine is 0. 73 ( dissociation energies: H – Br, 3. 79 eV ; H – H, 4. 52 eV ; Br – Br 2. 00 eV )

To calculate Pauling electronegativity for an element, it is necessary to have data on the dissociation energies of at least two types of covalent bond formed by that element.

Allred updated Pauling's original values in 1961 to take account of the greater availability of thermodynamic data, and it is these " revised Pauling " values of the electronegativity which are most often used.

The essential point of Pauling electronegativity is that there is an underlying, quite accurate, semi-empirical formula for dissociation energies, namely:

The square root of this excess energy, Pauling notes, is approximately additive, and hence one can introduce the electronegativity.

Zirconium has an electronegativity of 1. 33 on the Pauling scale.

# REDIRECT Electronegativity # Pauling electronegativity

The electronegativity of boron ( 2. 04 on the Pauling scale ) compared to that of nitrogen ( 3. 04 ) and also the electron deficiency on the boron atom and the lone pair on nitrogen favor alternative mesomer structures for borazine.

Much later in 1937 Linus Pauling showed by x-ray crystallography that heptazines are in fact fused triazines.