Peremptory challenges were first used in England not many years after the assizes of Clarendon of 1166 allowed jury trials.

Peremptory challenges ( referred to as " challenge without cause shown ") are permitted in Ireland, with each side being allowed seven such challenges.

Peremptory challenge usually refers to a right in jury selection for the defense and prosecution to reject a certain number of potential jurors who appear to have an unfavorable bias without having to give any reason.

* Peremptory norm, a fundamental principle of international law which is accepted by the international community of states as a norm from which no derogation is ever permitted

# Peremptory Mandamus: An absolute and unqualified command to the defendant to do the act in question.

* Prosecutors using their Peremptory Challenges to remove from the jury anyone with relevant experience in the complex subjects of a trial.

The basic mystery of dreams, which embraces all the others and challenges us from even the most common typical dream, is in the fact that they are original, visual continuities.

... review, on the other hand, provide an independent and civil inquiry into the validity of a conviction and sentence, and as such are generally limited to challenges to constitutional, jurisdictional, or other fundamental violations that occurred at trial.

For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis ( TB ) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges.

There are two key challenges: first, many patients have impaired circulation in their extremities, and second, they have difficulty curing infections in limbs with poor vasculation ( blood circulation ).

Individual members are entitled to divine revelation for confirmation of truths, gaining knowledge or wisdom, meeting personal challenges, and so forth.

Though the technical details of rendering methods vary, the general challenges to overcome in producing a 2D image from a 3D representation stored in a scene file are outlined as the graphics pipeline along a rendering device, such as a GPU.

In the NFL, only scoring plays, the final 2: 00 of each half and all overtime periods are reviewed, and coaches are issued two challenges ( with the option for a 3rd if the first two are successful ).

This fragmented implementation can cause inherent challenges, as only certain parts are used and the system is not fully functional.

The various challenges encountered by call operators are discussed by several authors.

The support of Sharpton and other Black religious / political leaders ( e. g. Harvard's Peter Gomes, Jesse Jackson, Coretta Scott King ) is especially helpful for Black gays and lesbians who are negotiating the challenges of being gay in black communities.

Perhaps his two most influential ideas are the concepts of the public sphere and communicative action ; the latter arriving partly as a reaction to new post-structural or so-called " post-modern " challenges to the discourse of modernity.

The standard way to resolve such confounding questions in medical science would be through a randomized trial, but there are unique challenges to research in sexual health.

Although this was regarded as a character flaw in older academic research, his delaying tactics are now viewed as a means of coping with political challenges in far-flung territorial possessions.

" According to America's Best Franchises, there are many benefits to choosing to become a home-based franchisee, " but having a home based business doesn't offer any guarantees as you will encounter many challenges you'll have to learn to overcome.

Given sufficient travel time and engineering work, both unmanned and generational interstellar travel seem possible, though present considerable technological and economic challenges are unlikely to be met in the near future, particularly for manned probes.

People who engage in or support iconoclasm are called " iconoclasts ", a term that has come to be applied figuratively to any individual who challenges established dogma or conventions.

In one study, results gathered from 144 six-person juries indicated that when juries are in receipt of jury nullification information from the judge or defense attorney they are more likely to acquit a sympathetic defendant and judge a dangerous defendant more harshly than when such information is not present or when challenges are made to nullification arguments.

All Australian states allow for peremptory challenges in jury selection, however, the number of challenges granted to the counsels in each state are not all the same.

Eight peremptory challenges are allowed for both counsels for all offences in Queensland.

In the United States, calls for the book to be banned from schools have led occasionally to widely publicised legal challenges, usually on the grounds that witchcraft is a government-recognised religion and that to allow the novels to be held in public schools violates the separation of church and state.

All centre on a heroine, usually a young girl facing challenges ( usually in Japanese traditional social ways ) to realize her dream.

Despite these challenges, however, creators of The Simpsons usually look forward to " Sideshow Bob episodes ;" the writers consider them enjoyable to write, and former director Dominic Polcino describes them as " a treat " to work on.

" in the Japanese version ), she challenges Ulala but usually finds herself beaten.

The challenges are usually held in a 3 day cycle – originally one day for the reward challenge, one day for the immunity challenge, and one day for the Tribal Council.

The second-to-last immunity challenge tends to be an extremely grueling, multi-part challenge, and is usually the most elaborate challenge of the entire season, often combining elements from previous challenges.

The engineering challenges are for the robot to find its opponent ( usually accomplished with infrared or ultra-sonic sensors ) and to push it out of the flat arena.

In the United States, calls for the book to be banned from schools have led occasionally to widely publicised legal challenges, usually on the grounds that witchcraft is a government-recognised religion and that to allow the novels to be held in public schools violates the separation of church and state.

While success in the challenges is important in order to build up potential winnings, it is also critical to stay in the game by scoring better than opponents on the quiz, usually by attempting to draw their suspicions of the Mole's identity toward oneself.

The king usually refers to social or economic challenges facing the nation as well as positive messages of charity, good will, and religious faith.

In modern times, the resulting identification of Lesbia with Clodia Metelli, based largely on her portrayal by Cicero, is usually treated as accepted fact, despite occasional challenges.

Also, through a special approach to rural development, usually referred to as Village Renewal, the challenges of rural Germany are taken care of.

Freshmen proms usually include a popularity contest of some sort, which designates 3 girls and 3 boys as places I, II and III " most popular " as chosen by student vote ; the candidates have to undergo various entertaining challenges, which usually include pair dancing.

Court challenges have usually failed to uphold more restrictive council by-laws.

A survival horror storyline usually involves the investigation and confrontation of horrific forces, and thus many games transform common elements from horror fiction into gameplay challenges.

Implementations of scientific management usually failed to account for several inherent challenges:

The individual in the alpha position usually changes when another challenges it to a fight and wins.

Rose often sees herself as a biker chick when faced with a conflict between selfish desire and social obligations, or when confronted with challenges to her usually mild-mannered personality.

Stimuli perceived with both eyes are usually much more likely to cause seizures than stimuli seen with one eye only ( which is why covering one eye may allow patients to avoid seizures when presented with visual challenges ).

The contestants compete in a variety of challenges, usually four per episode, but occasionally as many as six.

A fascinating example of Cosmic Habitforce is this: most successful people have usually experienced severe challenges and failures, which forced them to change their habits.

Due to the risk of anaphylaxis, food challenges are usually conducted in a hospital environment in the presence of a doctor.