* 1926 – Sholom Schwartzbard assassinates Symon Petliura, the head of the Paris-based government-in-exile of Ukrainian People's Republic.

At the same time in the Russian part of Ukraine Symon Petliura tried to defend and strengthen the Ukrainian People's Republic, but as the Bolsheviks began to gain the upper hand in the Russian Civil War, they started to advance westward towards the disputed Ukrainian territories causing Petliura's forces to retreat to Podolia.

The Ukrainian People's Republic led by Symon Petliura had been allied with Poland by Treaty of Warsaw, but the Treaty of Riga abrogated it.

Sholom Schwartzbard assassinates Symon Petliura, head of the government-in-exile Ukrainian People's Republic, in Paris.

In April 1920 Poland and Kiev's Ukrainian People's Republic agreed in the Treaty of Warsaw to a border on the river Zbruch, officially recognizing Polish control over the disputed territory of Eastern Galicia, which brought great discontent among the Galician Ukrainians who felt betrayed by the Kiev-based Directorate of Symon Petliura.

The head of the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, in particular, Symon Petliura, was called Supreme Otaman ( Головний отаман ).

A major military operation, this campaign was conducted from April to June 1920 by the Polish Army in alliance with the forces of the Ukrainian People's Republic under the exiled nationalist leader Symon Petliura, opposed by the Soviets who claimed those territories for the Ukrainian SSR and whose Red Army also included numerous Ukrainians in its ranks.

On April 21, 1920, Józef Piłsudski and Symon Petliura signed an alliance, in which Poland promised the Ukrainian People's Republic the military help in the Kiev Offensive against the Red Army in exchange for the acceptance of Polish-Ukrainian border on the river Zbruch.

The main Polish success was concluding signing a military alliance with the Ukrainian People's Republic of Symon Petliura.

The Government of Ukrainian People's Republic | UNR 1920-Symon Petliura | Symon Petlura sitting in the lower row second from the left.

As the Narkom of the People's Education he made everything in his power to shut down the Kamyanets-Podilsky State University as the concentration of the counter-revolutionary forces of Symon Petliura.

At a meeting of the Big Five ( United States, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan ) on 16 January, British prime minister David Lloyd George called Ukrainian leader Symon Petliura ( 1874 – 1926 ) an adventurer and dismissed Ukraine as an anti-Bolshevik stronghold.

Clashes in this unsettled region became a full scale war with Russia in April 1920 as Jozef Pilsudski, in alliance with Symon Petliura, launched a successful attack into the Ukraine.

At the end of 1905, after amnesty was declared, Petliura returned briefly to Kiev but soon moved to the Russian capital of Petersburg in order to publish the socialist-democratic monthly magazine Vil ’ na Ukrayina ( Free Ukraine ).

As the Ukrainian language had been outlawed in the Russian Empire by the Ems Ukaz of 1876, Petliura found more freedom to publish Ukraine oriented articles in Saint Petersburg than in Ukraine.

Disagreeing with the politics of the then Head of the General Secretariat Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Petliura left the government and became the head of the Haydamatskyj Kish of Sloboda Ukraine ( in Kharkiv ), a military formation that in January – February 1918 was forced back to protect Kiev during the Uprising on the Arsenal Plant and prevent capturing the capital by the Bolshevik Red Guard.

After his release, Petliura participated in the anti-Hetmanate putsch and became a member of the Directorate of Ukraine as the Chief of Military Forces.

With the fall of Kiev and the emigration of Vynnychenko from Ukraine, Petliura became the leader of the Directorate in February 1919.

With the outbreak of hostilities between Ukraine and Soviet Russia in January 1919, and with Vynnychenko's emigration, Petliura ultimately became the leading figure in the Directorate.

During the winter of 1919 the Petliura army lost most of Ukraine ( including Kiev ) to Bolsheviks and by March 6 relocated to Podolie.

Petliura withdrew to Poland December 5, 1919, which had previously recognized him as the head of the legal government of Ukraine.

During his time as leader of the Directorate, Petliura was active in supporting Ukrainian culture both in Ukraine and abroad.

In 1921 Ze ' ev Jabotinsky, the father of Revisionist Zionism, signed an agreement with Maxim Slavinsky, Petliura's representative in Prague, regarding the formation of a Jewish gendarmerie which was to accompany Petliura ’ s putative invasion of Ukraine, and would protect the Jewish population from pogroms.

It is claimed that in March 1926 Vlas Chubar ( the Russian Commissar to Ukraine ), in a speech given in Kharkiv and repeated in Moscow, warned of the danger Petliura represented to Soviet power.

In Israel and the Jewish world Petliura is mostly remembered by some as the leader in charge of Ukraine when pogroms took place Yad Vashem and the writing on the street sign honoring Schwartzbard in Beersheba ).

One of Ukrainian-Jewish leaders in independent Ukraine wrote that " Petliura did not want or was not able to defend Ukrainian Jews from his own army ".

In a " in the name of " the Jewish population of Ukraine, former Jewish affairs minister Pinchas Krasny thanked Petliura for his support for the vote in the League of Nations of July 24, 1922 regarding the formation of a Jewish state in Palestine.

Petliura issued the Order 131 in which he mentioned the fact that numerous Jewish parties in Ukraine ( Bund, Poale Zion, Folks-Partei, Unificationists ) rose to the sovereignty of the Ukrainian Republic and were cooperating with the Ukrainian government, and he condemned such actions calling those initiators deserters, enemies of the State that must be liquidated.

Schwartzbard viewed Petliura as responsible for numerous pogroms in Ukraine.

OUN did demand that Yanukovych should reject the idea of cancelling the Hero of Ukraine status given to Stepan Bandera and Roman Shukhevych, Yanukovych should continue the practice of recognizing fighters for Ukraine's independence, which was launched by ( his predecessor ) Viktor Yushchenko, and posthumously award the Hero of Ukraine titles to Symon Petliura and Yevhen Konovalets.

Next day the Sloboda Ukraine Kish ( Haidamaky ) of Symon Petliura entered the city withdrawing from the attacks of the Colonel Muravyov.

But the constant Red Guards counter-attacks and a deadly typhus epidemic caused the Petliura forces to be pushed out of Ukraine completely into the well established territory of Poland.

The internment worsened relations between Poland and its Ukrainian minority: those who supported Petliura were angered by the betrayal of their Polish ally, anger that grew stronger because of the assimilationist policies of nationalist inter-war Poland towards its minorities.

In doing so, it worsened relations between Poland and those Ukrainians who had supported Petliura.

Symon Vasylyovych Petliura (; ; also known as Simon Petlura, Symon Petlura, or Symon Petlyura, May 10, 1879 – May 25, 1926 ) was a publicist, writer, journalist, Ukrainian politician, statesman, and national leader who led Ukraine's struggle for independence following the Russian Revolution of 1917.

In the spring of 1919 he managed to extinguished a coup-d ' etat led by Volodymyr Oskilko who saw Petliura cooperating with socialists such as Borys Martos.

However, Petliura lost control over most of his armed forces, who then engaged in killing Jews.

She never said that Petliura personally participated in the event, but rather some other soldiers who did said that they were directed by Petliura.

In the Western Ukrainian diaspora, Petliura is remembered as a national hero, a fighter for Ukrainian independence, a martyr, who inspired hundreds of thousands to fight for an independent Ukrainian state.

Symon Petliura has left the party and replaced the Vynnychenko's position who was too well known.

Makhno had Jewish comrades and friends ; and like Symon Petliura, he issued a proclamation forbidding pogroms .” The book goes on to claim that " the anarchist leader could not or did not impose discipline on his soldiers.

By the end of 1919 a clear front had formed as Petliura decided to ally with Piłsudski.

The National Democrats in charge of the state also had few concerns about the fate of their Ukrainian ally, Petliura, and cared little that their political opponent, Piłsudski, felt honor-bound by his treaty obligations ; his opponents did not hesitate to scrap the treaty.

During the trial the German special services also informed their French counterparts that Schwartzbard had assassinated Petliura on the orders of Galip, an emissary of the Union of Ukrainian Citizens.

On the morning of February 4 the forces of Symon Petliura had occupied the factory after a bloody assault that cost lives of several kish soldiers and workers of Arsenal.

The Ukrainians led by Symon Petliura had been in alliance with Poland, but by the Riga treaty the Ukrainian alliance was effectively ended.

Petliura had, after his government's defeat by the Bolsheviks, found asylum in Poland and now headed a new Ukrainian Army.