Phayer argues that " establishing the fact of genocide in Croatia prior to the Holocaust carries great historical weight for our study because Catholics were the perpetrators and not, as in Poland, the victims ".

Phayer argues that Stepinac ( who remained silent during his trial ) could have defended himself from the charge of supporting forced conversions, but not the other two.

According to Phayer, " the face of Pope Pius that we see in these documents is not the same face we see in the eleven volumes the Vatican published of World War II documents, a collection which, though valuable, is nonetheless critically flawed because of its many omissions ".

* Michael Phayer: Pius XII: The Holocaust and the Cold War, 2008, ISBN 13: 978-0-253-34930-9.

According to Michael Phayer it was the Concordat which prevented Pius XI from speaking out against the Nazi Nuremburg Laws in 1935, and though he did intend to speak out after the national pogrom of 1938 he was dissuaded by Cardinal Pacelli.

According to Phayer, both Nogara and Pius XII were well aware that their covert purchase of Fondiara amounted a " betrayal of trust " of their agreements with the Allied powers.

According to Phayer, Pius XII " preferred to see fascist war criminals on board ships sailing to the New World rather than seeing them rotting in POW camps in zonal Germany ".

* Michael Phayer, The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930 – 1965 ( Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000 ) ISBN 0-253-33725-9

Phayer contrasts the Vatican's " limited and sketchy " knowledge of the genocide in Poland with " the Croatian case, in which both the nuncio and the head of the church, Bishop Alojzje Stepinac, were in continuous contact with the Holy See while the genocide was being committed ".

According to Phayer, " even before the end of the war, Tito had begun to settle the score with the Ustaša, which meant with the Catholic Church as well because of the close relations between the two ".

According to Phayer, " at the end of the war, the leaders of the Ustasha movement, including its clerical supporters such as Bishop Saric, fled the country, taking gold looted from massacred Jews and Serbs with them to Rome ".

Phayer views his trial as a " warm-up for proceedings against Stepinac ", and after Rožman was convicted, Stepinac was arrested.

Although Phayer agrees in part with criticisms of Stepinac conviction as a " show trial ", he states " the charge that he supported the Ustaša regime was, of course, true, as everyone knew ", and that " if Stepinac had responded to the charges against him, his defense would have inevitably unraveled, exposing the Vatican's support of the genocidal Pavelić ".

Catholic holocaust scholar Michael Phayer concludes that the encyclical " condemned racism ( but not Hitler or National Socialism, as some have erroneously asserted )".

According to Phayer, " like water finding a downhill path, Vatican money found its way to the grisly side of the Holocaust ".

Phayer cites Nogara's timely purchases of firms about to benefit from fascist and Nazi expropriation as proof that Nogara " knew which way the wind was blowing ".

According to Phayer, " the conclusion is unavoidable: Nogara indirectly trafficked in the arms race and did so knowing that any resulting profit would be derived from stolen property ".

According to Michael Phayer, " after receiving a papal blessing in 1941, Ante Pavelić and his Ustaša lieutenants unleashed an unspeakable genocide in their new country ".

According to historian Michael Phayer, " it is impossible to believe that Stepinac and the Vatican did not know that the Ustasha murders amounted to genocide ".

According to Phayer, the Vatican " preferred to bring diplomatic pressure on the Ushtasha government instead of challenging the fascists publicly on the immorality of genocide ".

According to Phayer, " the Vatican's motivation for harboring Pavelić grew in lockstep with its apprehension about Tito's treatment of the church ".

According to Phayer, " top Vatican personnel would have known the whereabouts of the gold ".

According to historian Michael Phayer, " this was the innocent origin of what would become the Vatican ratline ".

According to Phayer, " top Vatican personnel would have known the whereabouts of the gold ".

Rabbi David Dalin's The Myth of Hitler's Pope argues that critics of Pius XII are liberal Catholics and ex-Catholics who " exploit the tragedy of the Jewish people during the Holocaust to foster their own political agenda of forcing changes on the Catholic Church today " and that Pius XII was responsible for saving the lives of many thousands of Jews.

Brian Harrison of Puerto Rico, for example, has argued that Pope Pius XII's conclave legislation permitted excommunicated cardinals to attend, from which he argues that they could also be legitimately elected.

In addition to supporting all official Catholic teaching, the group also argues for the need for authentic elites in society that raise, above all, the moral tone of general society, as witnessed by de Oliveira's Nobility & Analogous Traditional Elites in the Allocutions of Pius XII.

He also argues that alternative conceptions of morality exist which do not rely on the assumptions that Kant makes – he cites utilitarianism as an example which does not require the summum bonum.

Gale Owen-Crocker ( Professor of Anglo-Saxon, University of Manchester ) in The Four Funerals in Beowulf ( 2000 ) argues that a passage in the poem, commonly known as “ The Lay of the Last Survivor ” ( lines 2247 – 66 ), is an additional funeral.

Thackston argues that the name cannot be taken from babr and instead must be derived from a word that has evolved out of the Indo-European word for beaver, pointing to the fact that the name is pronounced bāh-bor in both Persian and Turkic, similar to the Russian word for beaver ( бобр – bobr ).

However, Pol Pot biographer David Chandler argues that the bombing " had the effect the Americans wanted – it broke the Communist encirclement of Phnom Penh ".

There have been attempts at categorizing this fictional group of beings, and Phillip A. Schreffler argues that by carefully scrutinizing Lovecraft's writings a workable framework emerges that outlines the entire " pantheon " – from the unreachable " Outer Ones " ( e. g. Azathoth, who apparently occupies the centre of the universe ) and " Great Old Ones " ( e. g. Cthulhu, imprisoned on Earth in the sunken city of R ' lyeh ) to the lesser castes ( the lowly slave shoggoths and the Mi-go ).

107, Summer 1997, pp. 38 – 53, which argues that cultural imperialism is a positive thing.

Francis Dvornik argues that Pope accepted the acts of the council and annulled those of the Council of 869 – 870.

In his Science of Logic ( 1812 – 1814 ) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully " real " because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them.

Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions – using the point of view of European music history or African music for example – but jazz critic Joachim Berendt argues that all such attempts are unsatisfactory.

44 Issue 4, pp 371 – 388 ; argues that the chiefs ' tyranny in early colonial Kenya had its roots in the British administrative style since the Government needed strong-handed local leaders to enforce its unpopular laws and regulations.

However, A. R. Braunmuller in the New Cambridge edition finds the 1605 – 6 arguments inconclusive, and argues only for an earliest date of 1603.

# Anti-Communism: This was included as a filter in the original 1988 edition of the book, but Chomsky argues that since the end of the Cold War ( 1945 – 91 ), anticommunism was replaced by the " War on Terror ", as the major social control mechanism.

Taking a different view from other modern scholars, Ulansey argues that the Mithraic mysteries began in the Greco-Roman world as a religious response to the discovery by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus of the astronomical phenomenon of the precession of the equinoxes – a discovery that amounted to discovering that the entire cosmos was moving in a hitherto unknown way.

In his book The Mystery of Jack of Kent and the Fate of Owain Glyndŵr, Alex Gibbon argues that the folk hero Jack of Kent, also known as Siôn Cent – the family chaplain of the Scudamore family – was in fact Owain Glyndŵr himself.

Jeremy Duff argues that the various strands of evidence " point towards the period 60 – 130 CE, with some reason to favour 80 – 90 CE.

Opponents of this view include revisionist historians and a number of post – Cold War and otherwise dissident Soviet historians including Roy Medvedev, who argues that although " one could list the various measures carried out by Stalin that were actually a continuation of anti-democratic trends and measures implemented under Lenin ... in so many ways, Stalin acted, not in line with Lenin's clear instructions, but in defiance of them ".

Angela Marcantonio ( 2002 ) argues that the Finno-Permic and Ugric languages are no more closely related to each other than either is to Turkic, thereby positing a grouping very similar to Ural – Altaic or indeed to Castrén's original Altaic proposal.

* November 24 – British naturalist Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, a book which argues that species gradually evolve through natural selection ( it immediately sells out its initial print run ).