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Phenytoin sodium has been marketed as Phenytek by Mylan Laboratories, previously Bertek Pharmaceuticals, and Dilantin ; Australia also Dilantin Kapseals and Dilantin Infatabs in the USA, Eptoin by Abbott Group in India and as Epanutin in the UK and Israel, by Parke-Davis, now part of Pfizer.
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Phenytoin and sodium
Phenytoin sodium () is a commonly used antiepileptic.
Phenytoin acts to suppress the abnormal brain activity seen in seizure by reducing electrical conductance among brain cells by stabilizing the inactive state of voltage-gated sodium channels.
Phenytoin, in both its acidic and sodium salt forms, is erratically bioavailable whether it is injected or taken orally due to its high melting point, weak acidity, and its being only sparingly soluble in water.
Phenytoin and has
According to the FDA's New Safety Information Identified by the Adverse Event Reporting System ( AERS ) Phenytoin Injection ( Dilantin ) has been associated with the risk of Purple Glove Syndrome.
Phenytoin has been associated with drug-induced gingival enlargement ( overgrowth of the gums ), probably due to above-mentioned folate deficiency ; indeed, evidence from a randomized controlled trial suggests that folic acid supplementation can prevent gingival enlargement in children who take phenytoin.
Phenytoin has been known to cause drug-induced lupus.
Phenytoin therapy has been linked to the life-threatening skin reactions Stevens – Johnson syndrome ( SJS ) and toxic epidermal necrolysis ( TEN ).
Phenytoin has also been tried without any benefit
Traditionally this has been Phenytoin, but now is increasingly Levetiracetam as it has a lower risk of drug-drug interactions.
Phenytoin and by
Phenytoin ( diphenylhydantoin ) was first synthesized by German chemist Heinrich Biltz in 1908.
Phenytoin acts by inhibiting this enzyme, thereby causing folate deficiency.
Phenytoin and Dilantin
* Phenytoin ( diphenylhydantoin, Dilantin, Epanutin )
Phenytoin and also
Phenytoin is also associated with induction of reversible IgA deficiency.
It can also be a side effect of the anti-epileptic drugs Phenytoin and Zonisamide, and the anti-convulsant drug Lamotrigine, as well as the hypnotic drug Zolpidem and the dissociative drugs Ketamine and Dextromethorphan.
Phenytoin and .
Phenytoin may accumulate in the cerebral cortex over long periods of time, as well as causing atrophy of the cerebellum when administered at chronically high levels.
Phenytoin is a known teratogen.
Phenytoin is an inducer of the CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 families of the P450 enzyme responsible for the hepatic degradation of various drugs.
Phenytoin kinetics are nonlinear and saturable, resulting in highly variable concentrations even with minor dosage changes.
Phenytoin, 5, 5-diphenylimidazolidinedione is synthesized in two different ways.
They include Lidocaine, Mexiletine and Phenytoin.
* Drugs, which induce certain enzymes in the liver, e. g. Barbiturates, Phenytoin, Carbamazepine and oral anticonceptive drugs, enhance the elimination of Maprotiline and decrease its antidepressant effects.
Additionally the blood-concentrations of Phenytoin or Carbamazepine may be increased, leading to a higher incidents of side effects.
Phenytoin and primidone are effective antiepileptics drugs, although phenytoin can cause liver failure or have other harmful long-term effects in patients with PME.
** Enzyme induction ( increased rate of metabolism ), e. g., Phenytoin induces CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4
Phenytoin was once another first-line therapy, although the prodrug fosphenytoin can be administered three times as fast and with far fewer injection site reactions.
Phenytoin was to be used as adjunctive therapy only.
sodium and has
Table salt, or sodium chloride, has been used since antiquity.
Commercial mouthwashes usually contain a preservative such as sodium benzoate to preserve freshness once the container has been opened.
It has been shown, that teeth contain fibres with surrounded by magnetite and some of them also with sodium or magnesium.
Initially used as an anticonvulsant, sodium valproate has become a commonly prescribed treatment, and is effective in treating manic episodes.
Copper – hydrogen peroxide has been suggested as an alternative to the current recommendation of sodium hydroxide or sodium hypochlorite.
For example, sodium has the chemical symbol ' Na ' after the Latin natrium.
The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride, has been known since ancient times ; however, around 1630, chlorine gas was obtained by the Belgian chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont.
It mixes with the other alkali metals ( except with lithium ), and the alloy with a molar distribution of 41 % caesium, 47 % potassium, and 12 % sodium has the lowest melting point of any known metal alloy, at.
Frequent urination is due to the increased loss of water that has not been retained from the body as a result of a concomitant relationship with sodium loss from the convoluted tubule.
For example, Lake Magadi has high concentrations of soda ( sodium carbonate ) and Lake Elmenteita, Lake Bogoria, and Lake Nakuru are all strongly alkaline, while the freshwater springs supplying Lake Naivasha are essential to support its current biological variety.
The ' Hydrogen on Demand ' process ( see direct borohydride fuel cell ) creates hydrogen as needed, but has other issues, such as the high price of the sodium borohydride that is the raw material.
More recently, the use of a " rescue instillation " composed of pentosan polysulfate or heparin, sodium hyaluronate, lidocaine and sodium bicarbonate, has generated considerable excitement in the IC / BPS community because it is the first therapeutic intervention that can be used to reduce a flare of symptoms.
Compared to honey, maple syrup has 15 times more calcium and 1 / 10 as much sodium.
The sodium ( salt ) content of the spread is high and has caused concern, but the amount per serving, not the percentage in bulk Marmite, is the significant factor.
Besides being an anatomical structure, the axon hillock is also the part of the neuron that has the greatest density of voltage-dependent sodium channels.
Potassium metal has only a few special applications, being replaced in most chemical reactions with sodium metal.
Pasta also contains a small amount of sodium, and has no cholesterol.
A very rare syndrome with isolated congenital insensitivity to pain has been linked with mutations in the SCN9A gene, which codes for a sodium channel ( Na < sub > v </ sub > 1. 7 ) necessary in conducting pain nerve stimuli.
A can of Pepsi ( 12 fl ounces ) has 41 grams of carbohydrates ( all from sugar ), 30 mg of sodium, 0 grams of fat, 0 grams of protein, 38 mg of caffeine and 150 calories.
However, it has been claimed that potato chips may actually contain less sodium / salt than the equivalent weight in corn flakes.
Many salts of sodium are highly water-soluble, and their sodium has been leached by the action of water so that chloride and sodium are the most common dissolved elements by weight in the Earth's bodies of oceanic water.
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