Having developed a great interest in science while at the university, he took an active part in the foundation of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, of which he was the first president.

Brisbane's keen interest in science led him to accept the invitation to become the first President of the Philosophical Society of Australasia which later became the Royal Society of New South Wales, the oldest learned institution in the Southern Hemisphere.

To his research are due, among other matters of literary interest, the first account of Thomas Carlyle's Lectures on periods of European culture ; the identification of Shelley as the author of a review ( in The Critical Review of December 1814 ) of a lost romance by James Hogg ; a description of Shelley's Philosophical View of Reform ; a manuscript diary of Fabre d ' Églantine ; and a record by Dr Wilhelm Weissenborn of Goethe's last days and death.

As well as being remembered by historians of geology, his name is more widely known by the Farey sequence which he noted as a result of his interest in the mathematics of sound ( Philosophical Magazine, vol.

In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and after considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch, New Zealand he followed up in an 1898 paper.

Philosophical interest in the mind and behavior dates back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China and India.

The specimens were an original part of the archaeology collection of the Yorkshire Museum and it is said that " the scientific interest aroused founded the Yorkshire Philosophical Society ".

This scientific interest was in keeping with the intellectual developments in the city of York which in 1822 had formed the Yorkshire Philosophical Society ( YPS ).

First published in 1982, Kripke's Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language contends that the central argument of Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations centers on a devastating rule-following paradox that undermines the possibility of our ever following rules in our use of language.

Whilst most commentators accept that the Philosophical Investigations contains the rule-following paradox as Kripke presents it, few have concurred with Kripke when he attributes a skeptical solution to Wittgenstein.

The book contends that the central argument of Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations centers on a devastating rule-following paradox that undermines the possibility of us ever following rules in our use of language.

While most commentators accept that the Philosophical Investigations contains the rule-following paradox as Kripke presents it, few have concurred in attributing Kripke's skeptical solution to Wittgenstein.

Kripke quotes section § 201 as follows: “ this was our paradox: no course of action could be determined by a rule, because every course of action can be made out to accord with the rule .” Kripke holds this passage presents the reader with a novel form of philosophical skepticism, one, he claims, that is central to Philosophical Investigations.

In 1810 appeared the Philosophical Essays, in 1814 the second volume of the Elements, in 1811 the first part and in 1821 the second part of the " Dissertation " written for the Encyclopædia Britannica Supplement, entitled " A General View of the Progress of Metaphysical, Ethical, and Political Philosophy since the Revival of Letters.

His writings include a number of essays contributed to the Edinburgh Review from 1804 onwards, various papers in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society ( including his earliest publication, " On the Arithmetic of Impossible Quantities ", 1779, and an " Account of the Lithological Survey of Schehallion ", 1811 ) and in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (" On the Causes which Affect the Accuracy of Barometrical Measurements " and others ), the articles " Aepinus " and " Physical Astronomy ", and a " Dissertation on the Progress of Mathematical and Physical Science since the Revival of Learning in Europe " in the Encyclopædia Britannica ( Supplement to fourth, fifth and sixth editions ).

The APS has published the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society since 1771.

The decline in contested claims for priority in research discoveries can be credited to the increasing acceptance of the publication of papers in modern academic journals, with estimates suggesting that around 50 million journal articles have been published since the first appearance of the Philosophical Transactions.

Cope was horrified since he had already published a paper on the fossil with the error at the American Philosophical Society.

She is a member of the ( US ) National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society, as well as the Royal Society of Canada and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( since 2003 ).

* International Member of the American Philosophical Society since 2007

He has been the Noah Porter Professor of Philosophical Theology at Yale University since 2003.

Smith has been teaching since the 1970s, first under the auspices of his own Forum for Philosophical Studies ( with offices on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles ), later under the auspices of the Cato Institute and the Institute for Humane Studies ( IHS ).

The society has published several scientific journals, including Biological Reviews ( established 1926 ) and Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society ( formerly entitled Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, published since 1843 ).

He had been a member of the American Philosophical Society since 1779.

* G. E. Moore, " Philosophical Studies " ( 1922 ) published 1903-21, and first published two:

Reprinted in G. E. Moore, Philosophical Papers ( 1959 ).

Notable Pakastani philosophical organizations include The Pakistan Philosophical Congress, which was founded by M. M. Sharif, a pupil of G. E. Moore, in 1954, and the Islamic Philosophical Association.

Wittgenstein pointed out in his Philosophical Investigations that what counts as a " simple " in one circumstance might not do so in another.

In the Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein wrote that there is not a metaphilosophy.

Philosophical Investigations ( Philosophische Untersuchungen ) is a highly influential work by the 20th-century philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.

According to the standard reading, in the Philosophical Investigations Wittgenstein repudiates many of his own earlier views, expressed in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.

Norman Malcolm credits Piero Sraffa with providing Wittgenstein with the conceptual break that founded the Philosophical Investigations, by means of a rude gesture on Sraffa's part:

* Ludwig Wittgenstein 2009 Major Works: Selected Philosophical Writings, HarperrCollins, NY, NY, ISBN 978-0-06-155024-9.

* Ludwig Wittgenstein ( republished 2009 ) Major Works: Selected Philosophical Writings ", HarperCollins, New York.

It should be noted that Kripke himself expresses doubts in Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language as to whether Wittgenstein would endorse his interpretation of the Philosophical Investigations.

* “ How not to read Philosophical Investigations: Brandom ’ s Wittgenstein ”, in R. Haller and K. Puhl, eds., Wittgenstein and the Future of Philosophy: A Reassessment after 50 Years ( Vienna: Holder, Pichler, Tempsky, 2002 ), pp. 245 – 56.

Having originally propounded this stance in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Wittgenstein rejected it in his later Philosophical Investigations.

Kripke expresses doubts in Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language as to whether Wittgenstein would endorse his interpretation of the Philosophical Investigations.

The limitations of ostensive definition are exploited in a famous argument from the Philosophical Investigations ( which deal primarily with the philosophy of language ), the private language argument, in which Wittgenstein asks if it is possible to have a private language that no one else can understand.

* Wittgenstein, L., Philosophical Investigations ( Philosophische Untersuchungen ), Blackwell Publishers, 2001 ( ISBN 0-631-23127-7 ).

* Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, Macmillan, 1953.

In his work, Philosophical Investigations, Ludwig Wittgenstein regularly referred to the concept of language games.

* Marie McGinn ( 1997 ) Wittgenstein and the Philosophical Investigations ISBN 0-415-11191-9

In insisting on the continuity of Wittgenstein ’ s concerns from the Tractatus through to the Philosophical Investigations, Winch made a powerful case for Wittgenstein ’ s mature philosophy, as he understood it, as the consummation and legitimate heir of the entire analytic tradition.