( In addition to fueling Moore's own work, the " Here is one hand " argument also deeply influenced Wittgenstein, who spent his last years working out a new approach to Moore's argument in the remarks that were published posthumously as On Certainty.

It is said that when Wittgenstein first heard this paradox one evening ( which Moore had earlier stated in a lecture ), he rushed round to Moore's lodgings, got him out of bed and insisted that Moore repeat the entire lecture to him.

Wittgenstein points out that in such a case one could have no criteria for the correctness of one's use of S. Again, several examples are considered.

Wittgenstein suggests that, in such a situation, the word " beetle " could not be the name of a thing, because supposing that each person has something completely different in their boxes ( or nothing at all ) does not change the meaning of the word ; the beetle as a private object " drops out of consideration as irrelevant ".

The Tractatus, as Bertrand Russell saw it ( though it should be noted that Wittgenstein took strong exception to Russell's reading ), had been an attempt to set out a logically perfect language, building on Russell's own work.

Bertrand Russell's article " The Philosophy of Logical Atomism " is presented as a working out of ideas that he had learnt from Wittgenstein.

Sets out his interpretation of Wittgenstein aka Kripkenstein.

In PI 201a Wittgenstein explicitly states the rule-following paradox: " This was our paradox: no course of action could be determined by a rule, because any course of action can be made out to accord with the rule ".

In this latter view, endorsed by Wittgenstein in Wright's readings, there are no facts about numerical addition that man has so far not discovered, so when we come upon such situations, we can flesh out our interpretations further.

Wittgenstein thus retired to Norway to work out his ideas ( 1913 ), and perhaps rescue Frege's program.

What actually impelled Wittgenstein, according to Janik and Toulmin, was the role models of a few men like Fritz Mauthner, as Wittgenstein himself set out to live the example of 7, as an engineer, a soldier, a schoolteacher, an architect, a gardener, a professor, a hospital orderly.

In a second edition of the biography, Bartley answered the objections of critics, pointing out that Wittgenstein's period of active homosexuality is verified by the philosopher's own private writings, included his coded diaries ; extensive confirmation was also available from people who knew Wittgenstein in the period between the two World Wars in Vienna, including ex-lovers.

In the Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein wrote that there is not a metaphilosophy.

Philosophical Investigations ( Philosophische Untersuchungen ) is a highly influential work by the 20th-century philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.

According to the standard reading, in the Philosophical Investigations Wittgenstein repudiates many of his own earlier views, expressed in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.

Norman Malcolm credits Piero Sraffa with providing Wittgenstein with the conceptual break that founded the Philosophical Investigations, by means of a rude gesture on Sraffa's part:

* Ludwig Wittgenstein 2009 Major Works: Selected Philosophical Writings, HarperrCollins, NY, NY, ISBN 978-0-06-155024-9.

* Ludwig Wittgenstein ( republished 2009 ) Major Works: Selected Philosophical Writings ", HarperCollins, New York.

First published in 1982, Kripke's Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language contends that the central argument of Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations centers on a devastating rule-following paradox that undermines the possibility of our ever following rules in our use of language.

Whilst most commentators accept that the Philosophical Investigations contains the rule-following paradox as Kripke presents it, few have concurred with Kripke when he attributes a skeptical solution to Wittgenstein.

It should be noted that Kripke himself expresses doubts in Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language as to whether Wittgenstein would endorse his interpretation of the Philosophical Investigations.

Philosophical interest in Moore's paradox, since Moore and Wittgenstein, has undergone a resurgence, starting with, though not limited to, Jaakko Hintikka, continuing with Roy Sorensen, David Rosenthal, Sydney Shoemaker and the first publication, in 2007, of a collection of articles devoted to the problem.

* “ How not to read Philosophical Investigations: Brandom ’ s Wittgenstein ”, in R. Haller and K. Puhl, eds., Wittgenstein and the Future of Philosophy: A Reassessment after 50 Years ( Vienna: Holder, Pichler, Tempsky, 2002 ), pp. 245 – 56.

Having originally propounded this stance in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Wittgenstein rejected it in his later Philosophical Investigations.

While most commentators accept that the Philosophical Investigations contains the rule-following paradox as Kripke presents it, few have concurred in attributing Kripke's skeptical solution to Wittgenstein.

Kripke expresses doubts in Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language as to whether Wittgenstein would endorse his interpretation of the Philosophical Investigations.

The limitations of ostensive definition are exploited in a famous argument from the Philosophical Investigations ( which deal primarily with the philosophy of language ), the private language argument, in which Wittgenstein asks if it is possible to have a private language that no one else can understand.

* Wittgenstein, L., Philosophical Investigations ( Philosophische Untersuchungen ), Blackwell Publishers, 2001 ( ISBN 0-631-23127-7 ).

* Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, Macmillan, 1953.

In his work, Philosophical Investigations, Ludwig Wittgenstein regularly referred to the concept of language games.

* Marie McGinn ( 1997 ) Wittgenstein and the Philosophical Investigations ISBN 0-415-11191-9

In insisting on the continuity of Wittgenstein ’ s concerns from the Tractatus through to the Philosophical Investigations, Winch made a powerful case for Wittgenstein ’ s mature philosophy, as he understood it, as the consummation and legitimate heir of the entire analytic tradition.

As the gnomic remarks in the Investigations indicate, Wittgenstein isn't sure.

* Philosophical Investigations by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Oxford 1958

She was one of a select group of students to whom Wittgenstein dictated the so-called Blue and Brown Books, which outline the transition in Wittgenstein's thought between his two major works, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and Philosophical Investigations.

Compare, for example, Proposition 4. 024 of the Tractatus, where Wittgenstein asserts that we understand a proposition when we know what happens if it is true, with Schlick's assertion that " To state the circumstances under which a proposition is true is the same as stating its meaning.

The text is divided into two parts, consisting of what Wittgenstein calls, in the preface, Bemerkungen, translated by Anscombe as " remarks ".

" Or Wittgenstein may indicate such a response by beginning with a long dash, as he does before the question above: — But what is the meaning of the word ' five '?

Wittgenstein rejects a variety of ways of thinking about what the meaning of a word is, or how meanings can be identified.

Wittgenstein argues that definitions emerge from what he termed " forms of life ", roughly the culture and society in which they are used.

It is " s if someone were to buy several copies of the morning paper to assure himself that what it said was true ", as Wittgenstein puts it.

Often, what is widely regarded as a deep philosophical problem will vanish, argues Wittgenstein, and eventually be seen as a confusion about the significance of the words that philosophers use to frame such problems and questions.

However, Wittgenstein resists such a characterization ; he writes ( considering what an objector might say ):

The former view is shown to be held by Wittgenstein in what follows ...

Here ends what Wittgenstein deems to be the relevant points of his metaphysical view and he begins in 2. 1 to use said view to support his Picture Theory of Language.

In the final pages Wittgenstein veers towards what might be seen as religious considerations.

Although the theory is commonly known as the " picture " theory, " model " is probably a more appropriate way of thinking of what Wittgenstein meant by " Bild.

Pictures have what Wittgenstein calls Form der Abbildung, or pictorial form, in virtue of their being similar to what they picture.

The fact that the toy car is significantly smaller than the real car is part of its representational form, or the differences between the picture and what it pictures, which Wittgenstein is interpreted to mean by Form der Darstellung.

However, Wittgenstein does not specify what objects are.

His logical-atomistic metaphysical view led Wittgenstein to believe that we could not say anything about the relationship that pictures bear to what they picture.

Ludwig Wittgenstein made a remark recorded by Friedrich Waismann: " To be sure, I can imagine what Heidegger means by being and anxiety " which has been construed by some commentators as sympathetic to Heidegger's philosophical approach.

But later Wittgenstein stated, “ Only much later, after I ’ d studied the concerto for months, did I become fascinated by it and realized what a great work it was .” In 1933, Wittgenstein played the work in concert for the first time to instant acclaim.

William James and Wittgenstein also discussed what is basically the Euthyphro dilemma, but they did not name it either.

Or, as Wittgenstein himself puts it, " any interpretation still hangs in the air along with what it interprets, and cannot give it any support.

As one author puts it, " they never stop changing, and terms that designate them constitute only what Wittgenstein called ' family resemblance predicates '" ( ibid, p. 169 ).

There is a chapter on ‘ The Impact of Wittgenstein ’ in which he examines what he now thinks must be accepted and what rejected in that philosopher ’ s work.