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Photios continued his career as a writer during the reign of Emperor Leo VI who probably rehabilitated his reputation within the next few years ; in his Epitaphios on his brothers, a text probably written in 888, the Byzantine emperor presents Photios favorably, portraying him as the legitimate archbishop, and the instrument of ultimate unity, an image that jars with his attitude to the patriarch in 886 – 887.
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Photios and career
Photios says that, when he was young, he had an inclination for the monastic life, but instead he started a secular career.
Photios and writer
* 1895 – Photios Kontoglou, Greek writer, painter and iconographer ( d. 1965 )
Photios is also the writer of two " mirrors of princes ", addressed to Boris-Michael of Bulgaria ( Epistula 1, ed.
Photios and during
From surviving letters of Photios written during his exile at the Skepi monastery, it appears that the ex-patriarch brought pressure to bear on the Byzantine emperor to restore him.
Photios and Emperor
In 858, Emperor Michael III ( r. 842 – 867 ) deposed Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople, and Photios, still a layman, was appointed in his place.
Byzantine writers also report that Emperor Michael III ( r. 842 – 867 ) once angrily called Photios " Khazar-faced ", but whether this was a generic insult or a reference to his ethnicity is unclear.
During the altercations between Emperor Basil I and his heir Leo VI, Photios took the side of the Byzantine emperor.
In 886 his brother, the new Emperor Leo VI, dismissed the Patriarch Photios and appointed the 19-year old Stephen as patriarch in his stead.
Photios and Leo
In 883, Basil accused Leo of conspiracy and confined the prince to the palace ; he would have even blinded him had he not been dissuaded by Photios and Stylianos Zaoutzes, the father of Zoe Zaoutzaina, Leo's mistress.
In this conspiracy, Leo was not implicated, but Photios was possibly one of the conspirators against Basil's authority.
Warren T. Treadgold believes that this time the evidence points to a plot on behalf of Leo VI, who became an emperor, and dismissed Photios, although the latter had been his tutor.
It is confirmed from letters to and from Pope Stephen that Leo extracted a resignation from Photios.
In 887, Leo was put on trial for treason, but no conviction against the ex-patriarch had been secured ; the main witness, Theodore Santabarenos, refused to testify that Photios was behind Leo's removal from power in 883, and after the trial faced the Byzantine emperor's wrath.
Furthermore, a leading member of Leo's court, Leo Choirospaktes, wrote poems commemorating the memory of several prominent contemporary figures, such as Leo the Mathematician and the Patriarch Stephen, and he also wrote one on Photios.
Leo was eventually imprisoned by the Basil after the detection of a suspected plot, the imprisonment resulted in public rioting ; Basil threatened to blind Leo but was dissuaded by the Patriarch Photios.
Under the influence of both Bardas and Photios, Michael presided over the reconstruction of ruined cities and structures, the reopening of closed monasteries, and the reorganization of the imperial university at the Maganaura palace under Leo the Mathematician.
Photios and who
In 1669 the city of Heraklion, on Crete, which at one time boasted at least 120 painters, finally fell to the Turks, and from that time Greek icon painting went into a decline, with a revival attempted in the 20th century by art reformers such as Photios Kontoglou, who emphasized a return to earlier styles.
This created a schism within the Church and, although a Constantinopolitan synod in 861 confirmed Photios as patriarch, Ignatios appealed to Pope Nicholas I, who declared Photios illegitimate in 863.
He dismissed the Patriarch Photios, who had been his tutor, and replaced him with his own 19-year-old brother Stephen in December 886.
Bulgaria's shift towards the Papacy infuriated Patriarch Photios who wrote an encyclical to the eastern clergy in 867, in which he denounced the practices associated with the western rite and Rome's ecclesiastical intervention in Bulgaria.
The irregular elevation of Photios, however, riled with Pope Nicholas I, who refused to recognize it.
It was qualified as such by some of the Eastern Orthodox Church's saints, including Photios I of Constantinople, Mark of Ephesus, Gregory Palamas, who have been called the Three Pillars of Orthodoxy.
According to the Suda, it consisted of 39 books ; but Photios, who gives a tolerably full epitome of the work, mentions only 17.
Photios and probably
As a persona non grata, Photios probably returned to his enforced monastic retirement.
Photios and rehabilitated
Confirmation that Photios was rehabilitated comes upon his death: according to some chronicles, his body was permitted to be buried in Constantinople.
Photios and within
The conflict over the patriarchal throne and supreme authority within the church was exacerbated by the success of the active missionary efforts launched by Photios.
Photios and years
Four years later, Photios was to respond on his own part by calling a Council and excommunicating the pope on grounds of heresy – over the question of the double procession of the Holy Spirit.
Photios and ;
Photios I (;, Phōtios ; c. 810 – c. 893 ), also spelled Photius or Fotios, was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 858 to 867 and from 877 to 886.
Most scholars believe that he never taught at Magnaura or at any other university ; Vasileios N. Tatakes asserts that, even while he was patriarch, Photios taught " young students passionately eager for knowledge " at his home, which " was a center of learning ".
The throne was soon filled with a kinsman of Bardas, Photios himself ; he was tonsured on December 20, 858, and on the four following days he was successively ordained lector, sub-deacon, deacon and priest.
The Eastern Orthodox church venerate Photios as a saint ; his feast day is February 6.
Photios and on
Photios was removed from his office and banished about the end of September 867, and Ignatios was reinstated on November 23.
The deposition of Ignatios and the sudden promotion of Photios caused scandal and ecclesiastical division on an ecumenical scale as the Pope and the rest of the western bishops took up the cause of Ignatios.
Photios was removed from his office and banished about the end of September 867, and Ignatios was reinstated on November 23.
True or not, this story does reveal Basil's dependence on Photios for literary and ideological matters.
Shaun Tougher asserts that from this point on Basil no longer simply depended on Photios, but in fact he was dominated by him.
But on the death of Ignatios in 877, Photios became patriarch again, and there was a virtual, though not a formal, breach with Rome.
Photios, originally a layman, had entered holy orders and was promoted to the position of patriarch on the dismissal of the troublesome Ignatios in 858.
At the same time Boris sought further instruction on how to lead a Christian lifestyle and society and how to set up an autocephalous church from the Byzantine Patriarch Photios.
The Rus ' attack on Constantinople in June 860 took the Greeks by surprise, " like a thunderbolt from heaven ," as it was put by Patriarch Photios in his famous oration written for the occasion.
Photios and Byzantine
Photios resumed the position when Ignatius died ( 877 ), by order of the Byzantine emperor.
Certain scholars assert that Photios was, at least in part, of Armenian descent while other scholars merely refer to him as a " Greek Byzantine ".
Not long after his condemnation, Photios had reingratiated himself with Basil, and became tutor to the Byzantine emperor's children.
Photios was replaced by the Byzantine emperor's brother Stephen, and sent into exile to the monastery of Bordi in Armenia.
Photios is one of the most famous figures not only of 9th-century Byzantium but of the entire history of the Byzantine Empire.
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