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Photosensitive ganglion cells, also called photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells ( pRGC ), intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells ( ipRGC ) or melanopsin-containing ganglion cells, are a type of neuron ( nerve cell ) in the retina of the mammalian eye.
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Photosensitive and ganglion
* Photosensitive ganglion cell
* Photosensitive ganglion cells
Photosensitive ganglion cells, including but not limited to the giant retinal ganglion cells, contain their own photopigment, melanopsin, which makes them respond directly to light even in the absence of rods and cones.
* Photosensitive ganglion cell
Photosensitive ganglion cells contain the photopigment melanopsin.
* Photosensitive ganglion cells innervate other brain targets, such as the center of pupillary control, the olivary pretectal nucleus of the midbrain.
Photosensitive ganglion cells are also responsible for the persistence of circadian and pupillary light responses in mammals with degenerated rod and cone photoreceptors, such as humans suffering from retinitis pigmentosa.
Photosensitive ganglion cells respond to light by depolarizing and increasing the rate at which they fire nerve impulses.
# REDIRECT Photosensitive ganglion cell
# REDIRECT Photosensitive ganglion cell
Photosensitive and cells
Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting the replicating of DNA from high ultraviolet radiation during the daytime.
Photosensitive and called
* A free tool for evaluating Web Content for flashing called the Photosensitive Epilepsy Analysis Tool ( PEAT ) is available from the Trace R & D Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Photosensitive and are
Photosensitive epilepsy ( PSE ) is a form of epilepsy in which seizures are triggered by visual stimuli that form patterns in time or space, such as flashing lights, bold, regular patterns, or regular moving patterns.
Photosensitive and type
Photosensitive paper was exposed to light through the negative film, resulting in a column of black type on white paper, or a galley.
Photosensitive and .
Photosensitive epilepsy can be limited to seizures triggered by flashing lights.
Photosensitive Epilepsy.
* Gastaut's syndrome: Photosensitive epilepsy.
* Rapid flickers in intensity of light may trigger or aggravate Photosensitive epilepsy or migraine headaches.
ganglion and cells
These ganglion cells, which contain melanopsin, convey their signals to the " circadian clock " via the retinohypothalamic tract ( distinct from the optic nerve ), linking the retina to the pineal gland.
Cells found in a ganglion are called ganglion cells, though this term is also sometimes used to refer specifically to retinal ganglion cells.
A less common usage of the word ganglion is ganglion cyst, a small lump most commonly on the hand or foot, not believed to be of nerve cells.
Some neurons are notable for their high firing rates, for example some types of cortical inhibitory interneurons, cells in globus pallidus, retinal ganglion cells.
Two organs, likely functioning as a unit for chemoreception are located near the anterior margin of the cerebral ganglion: the non-ciliated cerebral organ, which possesses bipolar sensory cells, and the nuchal organ, located posterior to the cerebral organ.
The output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve.
# Ganglion cell layer – contains nuclei of ganglion cells, the axons of which become the optic nerve fibres for messages and some displaced amacrine cells
# Inner plexiform layer – contains the synapse between the bipolar cell axons and the dendrites of the ganglion and amacrine cells.
These can be simplified into 4 main processing stages: photoreception, transmission to bipolar cells, transmission to ganglion cells which also contain photoreceptors, the photosensitive ganglion cells, and transmission along the optic nerve.
The optic nerve is a central tract of many axons of ganglion cells connecting primarily to the lateral geniculate body, a visual relay station in the diencephalon ( the rear of the forebrain ).
The signal goes first to the bipolar and horizontal cells ( yellow layer ), then to the amacrine cells and ganglion cells ( purple layer ), then to the optic nerve fibres.
ganglion and also
Some types of worms, such as leeches, also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord, known as a " tail brain ".
Ramsay Hunt syndrome ( RHS ) type 2 also known as herpes zoster oticus is a disorder that is caused by the reactivation of pre-existing herpes zoster virus in a nerve cell bundle in the head ( the geniculate ganglion ).
Since the vestibulocochlear nerve is in proximity to the geniculate ganglion, it may also be affected, and patients may also suffer from tinnitus, hearing loss, and vertigo.
In the male at least there is also a genital ganglion.
The receptors are also ' cross-linked ' by horizontal cells and amacrine cells, which modify the synaptic signal before the ganglion cells.
Beyond this simple difference ganglion cells are also differentiated by chromatic sensitivity and the type of spatial summation.
Cells showing linear spatial summation are termed X cells ( also called parvocellular, P, or midget ganglion cells ), and those showing non-linear summation are Y cells ( also called magnocellular, M, or parasol retinal ganglion cells ), although the correspondence between X and Y cells ( in the cat retina ) and P and M cells ( in the primate retina ) is not as simple as it once seemed.
But the retina also contains specialized ganglion cells which are directly photosensitive, and project directly to the SCN where they help in the entrainment of this master circadian clock.
The sting and associated venom sac of honey bees are also modified so as to pull free of the body once lodged ( autotomy ), and the sting apparatus has its own musculature and ganglion which allow it to keep delivering venom once detached.
In the eyes, reelin is secreted by retinal ganglion cells and is also found in the endothelial layer of the cornea.
It also supplies parasympathetic innervation to the nasal mucosa and the lacrimal gland via the pterygopalatine ganglion.
The three major branches of the trigeminal nerve, the ophthalmic nerve ( V < sub > 1 </ sub >), the maxillary nerve ( V < sub > 2 </ sub >), and the mandibular nerve ( V < sub > 3 </ sub >) converge on the trigeminal ganglion ( also called the semilunar ganglion or gasserian ganglion ), located within Meckel's cave, and contains the cell bodies of incoming sensory nerve fibers.
* The otic ganglion is situated directly under the foramen, but is also transmitted through the foramen ovale.
The mandibular nerve also gives off branches to the otic ganglion
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