Phototubes and photomultipliers rely on electron flow through a vacuum, though in those cases electron emission from the cathode depends on energy from photons rather than thermionic emission.

* Phototubes containing a photocathode which emits electrons when illuminated, such that the tube conducts a current proportional to the light intensity.

Phototubes were used in a variety of light-sensing applications until they were superseded by photoresistors and photodiodes.

`` Emory could not continue to operate according to its present standards as an institution of higher learning, of true university grade, and meet its financial obligations, without the tax-exemption privileges which are available to it only so long as it conforms to the aforementioned constitutional and statutory provisions '', the statement said.

Algorithms used earlier in the history of cryptography are substantially different from modern methods, and modern ciphers can be classified according to how they operate and whether they use one or two keys.

Enlightenment thinkers, under the influence of Newtonian science, tended to view the universe as a vast machine, created and set in motion by a creator being, that continues to operate according to natural law, without any divine intervention.

The four main principles by which an anarchist organization should operate, according to the Platform, are ideological unity, tactical unity, collective action, and federalism.

Also related to materialism are the ideas of methodological naturalism ( i. e. " let's at least do science as though physicalism is true ") and metaphysical naturalism ( i. e. " philosophy and science should operate according to the physical world, and that's all that exists ").

Although there is much debate as to which states or groups operate strictly according to Islamic Law, Sharia is the official basis for state laws in the following countries: Yemen, Afghanistan, Somalia, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Mauritania, Oman and Iran.

Phrase structure rules as they are commonly employed operate according to the constituency relation and a grammar that employs phrase structures rules is therefore a constituency grammar and as such, it stands in contrast to dependency grammars, which are based on the dependency relation.

Private and public schools operate according to similar rules ; for example, they charge the same fees for high school education, with an exemption for poorer families.

" Members of the industrial union educate themselves to operate industry according to democratic principles, and without the current hierarchical ownership / management structure.

Lexical preprocessors are the lowest-level of preprocessors, in so far as they only require lexical analysis, that is, they operate on the source text, prior to any parsing, by performing simple substitution of tokenized character sequences for other tokenized character sequences, according to user-defined rules.

Further in the 1980s according to Jan L. Harrington ( 2000 ) " the development of the object-oriented paradigm brought about a fundamental change in the way we look at data and the procedures that operate on data.

These local governments are established and operate according to state law.

In the story, the Jiang-shi are revealed to be a distinct race of vampire who operate according to different rules than their western counterparts.

Furthermore, the fantastic elements should ideally operate according to self-consistent rules of their own ; for example, if wizards ' spells sap their strength, a wizard who does not appear to suffer this must either be putting up a facade, or have an alternative explanation.

In the Communist socio-economic organisation, the relations of production would operate the mode of production and employ each worker according to his abilities, and benefit each worker according to his needs.

However, the use of fluorescence allowed FMDs to operate according to the principles of 3D optical data storage and have up to 100 data layers.

Planning to reorganize under Chapter 11 of the federal bankruptcy code, it continued to operate as " debtor in possession " of its business, according to the legal papers.

In practice, companders are designed to operate according to relatively simple dynamic range compressor functions that are designed to be suitable for implementation using simple analog electronic circuits.

Some shipping companies refer to themselves as " lines " and their container ships, which often operate over set routes according to established schedules, as " liners ".

According to Division 16 ( Division of School Psychology ) of the American Psychological Association ( APA ), school psychologists operate according to a scientific framework.

* Publicly owned corporations ( in some contexts, especially manufacturing, " state-owned enterprises "); which differ from direct administration in that they have greater commercial freedoms and are expected to operate according to commercial criteria, and production decisions are not generally taken by government ( although goals may be set for them by government ).

Johnny's complaint of a stiff neck one day leads doctors to operate, thus leading to the discovery of a tumor the size of an orange, according to a doctor.

In addition, Strayer University holds the necessary licencing and approvals to operate and grant degrees in each state where its campuses are located, according to the University's website.

United States prisons operate like labor camps, according to an article by a professor of journalism from California State University.

This is an important effect in all reactors where fast neutrons from the fissile isotope can cause the fission of nearby < sup > 238 </ sup > U nuclei, which means that some small part of the < sup > 238 </ sup > U is " burned-up " in all nuclear fuels, especially in fast breeder reactors that operate with higher-energy neutrons.

While this increased the expense and complexity of the meter, by use of vacuum tubes or field effect transistors the input resistance can be made very high and independent of the current required to operate the meter movement coil.

Some cooling towers operate on this principle ; similarly the solar updraft tower is a proposed device to generate electricity based on the stack effect.

He also employed a special rig to rotate his piano end-over-end while he was playing it, though this of course is purely for visual effect, as a piano cannot operate as an instrument while upside down.

In general all these initial German designs proved difficult to operate, often becoming death traps for their pilots, and had little effect on the bombing raids.

Often given the correctly aligned breezy conditions, a föhn effect will operate, meaning local temperatures are somewhat higher than surrounding area.

* Operating the city with a professional understanding of how all city functions operate together to their best effect ;

In the meantime, however, Coastal Command did operate with effect alongside RAF Bomber Command in disrupting enemy shipping during the Battle of Britain in 1940.

Many stations beyond those listed in the treaty have been assigned to operate on a clear channel ( and some had been long before NARBA came into effect in 1941 ).

For a very weak signal, the AGC has no effect, allowing the receiver to operate at its maximum gain ; as the signal increases, the AGC reduces the gain.

This effect is used within the intakes of engines meant to operate in the supersonic, as jet engines are generally incapable of ingesting supersonic air directly.

Like online marketplaces, online book buyers operate year-round, giving students the opportunity to sell their books even when campus " buyback " periods are not in effect.

This rotational effect enables the SSD to operate until most of the blocks are near their end of life.

* SQUIDs, or superconducting quantum interference devices, are very sensitive magnetometers that operate via the Josephson effect.

The military justice system continued to operate under the Articles of War and Articles for the Government of the Navy until 31 May 1951, when the Uniform Code of Military Justice went into effect.

In electronic applications they have been proven to operate like a single electron transistor and show the Coulomb blockade effect.

Following the takeover of BMI and its subsidiaries by IAG in April 2012, it was announced on 3 May 2012 that Bmibaby would be shut down in September 2012, with many flights ceasing to operate with effect from 11 June.

Some County areas operate, in effect, as one large branch, so that their members have many more opportunities to get involved.

The owner has purchased the right to operate a major league team in a specific city, and relegation would in effect be a breach of that contract by the league.

Sublimation cooling has been observed to operate on a planetary scale on the planetoid Pluto, where it has been called an anti-greenhouse effect.

In all but the smallest productions, the Director does not actually operate the production equipment, allowing him / her to coordinate the production and make rapid decisions without worrying about how to mechanically execute the effect or camera move being called for.

TAV officials, who had agreed to clear out for two weeks for the dispute to be settled, also stated that they believed the memorandum of understanding they signed with the Iranian government last year to operate the airport's Terminal 1 is still in effect.

But if wages are reduced to the extent to compensate for the consequences of the reduced labour time on the costs of production, the scale effect can be neutralized leaving only the substitution effect to operate.

McCulloch used it to illustrate that " time cannot of itself produce effect ; it merely affords space for really efficient causes to operate, and it is therefore clear it can have nothing to do with value.