He fled to the fortress of Gaeta, which was captured by the Piedmontese troops on 13 February 1861 ; his kingdom was incorporated in the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861, after the fall the fortress of Messina ( surrendered on 12 March 1861 ), although the Neapolitan troops in Civitella del Tronto resisted until 20 March.

The Papal States were reduced to Latium, the immediate neighbourhood of Rome, which was declared Capital of Italy in March 1861, when the first Italian Parliament met in the Piedmontese kingdom's old capital, Turin.

Brescia revolted in 1848 ; then again in March 1849, when the Piedmontese army invaded Austrian-controlled Lombardy, the people in Brescia overthrew the hated local Austrian administration, and the Austrian military contingent, led by general Haynau, retreated to the Castle.

When news reached the city of the decisive defeat of Piedmontese forces at the Battle of Novara ( 22 March ), the Assembly proclaimed the Triumvirate, of Carlo Armellini ( Roman ), Giuseppe Mazzini ( Roman ) and Aurelio Saffi ( from Teramo, Papal States ), and a government, led by Muzzarelli and composed also by Aurelio Saffi ( from Forlì, Papal States ).

After the Piedmontese defeat at Novara ( March 23 ) peace was made, but a rising broke out at Genoa, and Fanti with great difficulty restrained his Lombards from taking part in it.

Camillo-Guarino Guarini ( 7 January 1624 – 6 March 1683 ) was an Italian architect of the Piedmontese Baroque, active in Turin as well as Sicily, France, and Portugal.

Lasting the whole day of 22 March 1849 and ending at dawn on 23 March, it resulted in a severe defeat and retreat of the Piedmontese ( Sardinian ) army.

When on March 18 Field Marshal Radetzky, feeling that the position of the Austrian garrison was untenable, sounded the rebels as to their terms, some of the leaders were inclined to agree to an armistice which would give time for the Piedmontese troops to arrive ( Piedmont had just declared war ), but Cattaneo insisted on the complete evacuation of Lombardy.

Occupied by Piedmontese troops in 1859, Ravenna and the surrounding Romagna area became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

Ten years later, on August 20, 1859, the revolutionaries again invaded ( this time the Piedmontese ), annexing Modena into the revolutionary Savoyard nation of Italy as a territorial part of the Kingdom of Italy.

Summoned to Paris by Cavour in 1856 to prepare the memorandum on the Romagna provinces for the Paris congress resolving the Crimean War, he was in 1859 appointed by Cavour secretary-general of the Piedmontese Foreign Office.

When on the outbreak of the war of 1859 Francis V, duke of Modena, was expelled and a provisional government set up, Farini was sent as Piedmontese commissioner to that city ; but, although recalled after the peace of Villafranca which ended the Second Italian War of Independence, he was determined on the annexation of central Italy to Sardinia / Piedmont and remained behind, becoming a Modenese citizen and dictator of the state.

A precursor of the ' Irredentists ' was perhaps the unification leader Giuseppe Garibaldi who, in 1859 as deputy for his native Nice in the Piedmontese parliament at Turin, attacked Cavour for ceding Nice to Napoleon III in order to get French help and approval for Italian Unification.

Probably because his work was idiosyncratic, his subsequent influence was not widespread but is apparent in the Piedmontese works of Camillo-Guarino Guarini and, as a fusion with the architectural modes of Bernini and Cortona, in the late Baroque architecture of Northern Europe.

In 1828 – 29 he collaborated with a Genoese newspaper, L ' indicatore genovese, which was however soon closed by the Piedmontese authorities.

Popularly known in Piedmontese as " Bela Rosin " ( Little Rosa the Beautiful ), she was born a commoner but made Countess of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda in 1858.

After the Risorgimento, the expansion of the Piedmontese, and Italian unification, in 1861 Umbria was incorporated in the Kingdom of Italy.

He also reformed the army, which until then was mostly composed of mercenaries: he formed instead five Piedmontese regiments and recreated cavalry, as well as introducing uniforms.

For the rest of 1642 and part of the 1643 campaigns, Thomas Francis ommanded Piedmontese forces fighting alongside the French under Henri II d ' Orléans, duc de Longueville against the Spanish, generally along the Piedmont / Milan border ; when Longueville was recalled home, he succeeded him as allied commander-in-chief, with Henri de la Tour d ' Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne as his second-in-command.

The Franco-Spanish war had been continuing in north Italy, and late in 1654, increasing Piedmontese hostility to the current French commander Grancey led to a search for a new allied commander-in-chief ; the French would have preferred to send the Duke of York ( later King James II ), but he too was unacceptable to Turin, so Thomas Francis was appointed as joint commander-though his wife was held in France almost as a hostage for his good behaviour.

There are hints he may have been involved in the persecution of the Waldensians in the following April, but if so it was only in a planning capacity-he did not command the Piedmontese troops involved.

It was probably around this time that he first encountered Mazarin, who ( though his public position was quite complex ) was during 1630-32 in effect a French agent at the Piedmontese court.

For the rest of 1642 and part of the 1643 campaigns, Thomas commanded Piedmontese forces fighting alongside the French under Henri II d ' Orléans, duc de Longueville against the Spanish, generally along the Piedmont / Milan border ; when Longueville was recalled home, Thomas succeeded him as allied commander-in-chief, with Turenne as his second-in-command.

The Franco-Spanish war had been continuing in north Italy, and late in 1654, increasing Piedmontese hostility to the current French commander Grancey led to a search for a new allied commander-in-chief ; the French would have preferred to send the Duke of York ( later King James II ), but he too was unacceptable to Turin, so Thomas was appointed as joint commander-though his wife was held in France almost as a hostage for his good behaviour.

The treaty, however, was not ratified by the Piedmontese chamber, and Vittorio Emanuele retaliated by firing Prime Minister Claudio Gabriele de Launay, replacing him with Massimo D ' Azeglio.

Popularly known in Piedmontese as " Bela Rosin ", she was born a commoner but made Countess of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda in 1858.

Right because of this influence, the Ligurian territory was traversed by the Piedmontese and Austrian armies when these two states came into conflict with Versailles.

* 1849 – The Austrians defeat the Piedmontese at the Battle of Novara.

* September 18 – Battle of Castelfidardo: The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory, and effectively reducing the Papal States to the territory around Rome.

The Piedmontese troops and those of Garibaldi inflicted on the Neapolitan forces at the battle of the Volturno, on 1 and 2 October, a defeat which led to the fall of Capua.

But after the Piedmontese defeat at Custoza, and the armistice by which King Charles Albert abandoned Lombardy and Venetia to Austria, the Venetians attempted to lynch the royal commissioners, whose lives Manin saved with difficulty ; an assembly was summoned, and a triumvirate formed with Manin at its head.

The department was suppressed following the defeat of Napoleon in 1814 and the restoration of his Piedmontese territories to the King of Sardinia.

The Piedmontese, following their defeat to Austria in the First Italian War of Independence, found that they could not defeat a great power such as Austria without allies.

In a two-day battle, he inflicted a painful defeat on the Piedmontese, with the Austrians taking Custoza after a furious hand-to-hand struggle.

In 1805 it became part of the département of Genoa ; after the French defeat in 1814, it was captured by the Austrians, who handed it over to the Piedmontese.

Following the catastrophic defeat of the Piedmontese at the Battle of Novara, Róndani retired back to Guardasone, and for some years, as Italians became increasingly involved in colonial ambition, worked on exotic Diptera.

In 1745, following the defeat of the Piedmontese army at the Battle of Bassignano, Casale was occupied by the victorious French and Spanish troops.

As soon as war between Piedmont and Austria appeared imminent, Bartolommei organized the expedition of Tuscan volunteers to join the Piedmontese army, spending large sums out of his own pocket for the purpose, and was also president of the Tuscan branch of the Societé Nazionale.

Although Charles Albert had been soundly defeated in his bid to drive the Austrians from Italy, the Piedmontese did not abandon all hope of Italian domination.

However, the Austrians conveniently made their opponents ' task easier by sending an ultimatum to the Piedmontese demanding demobilization.

Piedmontese troops occupied the smaller Italian states and the Legations, and the French were unwilling to pressure them to withdraw and allow the restoration of the old order, while the Austrians no longer had the power to compel it.

The confrontation was between the Austrians on one side, versus the French and Piedmontese forces who opposed their advance.

In the Southern Netherlands, plans called for the Austrians to besiege Lille, and in the south the Piedmontese also took the field.

There was talk of a rising at Milan combined with a Piedmontese invasion to expel the Austrians, but the plans were very vague and unpractical, for the military conspirators could count only on a few hundred men, and Confalonieri warned them that Lombardy was not ready.

He then won a victory at the Second Battle of Dego, driving the Austrians northeast, away from their Piedmontese allies.

Satisfied that the Austrians were temporarily inert, Bonaparte harried Michelangelo Colli's Piedmontese at Ceva and San Michele Mondovi before whipping them at the Battle of Mondovì.

During the First Italian War of Independence, it was taken by the Piedmontese from the Austrians, after a gallant defence by General Rath lasting six weeks, on May 30, 1848.

Radetzky's victory drove the Piedmontese out of Lombardy and forced them to sign a peace treaty with the Austrians.

The Allied forces were reinforced by some 45, 000 Austrians, Piedmontese, and Neapolitans supported by the Royal Navy.

Cattaneo was an uncompromising republican and a federalist ; so violent was his dislike of the Piedmontese monarchy that when he heard that King Charles Albert had been defeated by the Austrians, and that Radetzky was marching back to reoccupy Milan, he exclaimed:

There was, in fact, no real battle at Millesimo itself, but rather a confused action on 13 April, in which a number of small enemy units were driven back, followed by a short but very costly siege of the castle of Cosseria, which was defended by only about a thousand Austrians and Piedmontese under Provera and Del Carretto.

Maillebois ' arrival gave the Spanish general a combined strength of 40, 000, but this had already began to put a severe strain on the food supplies in the area, and also approaching from the west was a Piedmontese army of 10, 000 men, which would firmly tip the balance in numbers in favour of the Austrians.

Consequently, with the Piedmontese only a day's march away, the French marshal urged that an immediate attack should be launched against the Austrians.

Although Buol and the Austrians initially seemed unperturbed, to the extent that Cavour and his ally, Emperor Napoleon III of France, feared they would not be able to have their war, Buol soon gave them what they wanted by a clumsy ultimatum demanding Piedmontese demobilization.