Claudius is the source for numerous passages of Pliny's Natural History.

In Pliny's Natural History ( 7. 198 ) he is credited with inventing carpentry " and with it the saw, axe, plumb-line, drill, glue, and isinglass ".

Pliny's Natural History mentions four ancient labyrinths: the Cretan labyrinth, an Egyptian labyrinth, a Lemnian labyrinth and an Italian labyrinth.

Pytheas described his travels in a work that has not survived ; only excerpts remain, quoted or paraphrased by later authors, most familiarly in Strabo's Geographica, Pliny's Natural History and passages in Diodorus of Sicily's history.

Pliny's Natural History recommended stewing them with honey and noted three dozen varieties.

* Pliny the Elder ( 23 – 79 CE ), ancient Roman nobleman, scientist and historian, author of Naturalis Historia, " Pliny's Natural History "

The word " alumen " occurs in Pliny's Natural History.

Pliny's Natural History praised the cheese of Lozère:

Some scholars identify it with the Dirce bull mentioned in Pliny's Natural History, but this is disputed.

Among very few representations of Protesilaus, a sculpture by Deinomenes is just a passing mention in Pliny's Natural History ; the outstanding surviving examples are two Roman copies of a lost mid-fifth century Greek bronze original represent Protesilaus at his defining moment, one of them in a torso the British Museum, the other at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

According to Pliny's Natural History, Ageladas of Argos was his teacher.

His most famous works according to Pliny's Natural History ( 34. 57-59 ) were a heifer, a dog ( canem, Cerberus?

5 ; Pliny's Natural Historyiv.

Provided with a human face and a scaly tail, as in Dante's vision of Geryon in Inferno xvii. 7 – 17, 25 – 27, hybrid monsters, more akin to the Manticore of Pliny's Natural History ( viii. 90 ), provided iconic representations of hypocrisy and fraud well into the seventeenth century, through an emblemmatic representation in Cesare Ripa's Iconologia.

10 ) states that it grew in Syria ; and, according to Pliny's Natural History, it was also a native plant of the Niger River and the Euphrates.

In this discussion of Pliny's Natural History Barbaro made 5000 corrections to the text.

Milner observes that it was " one of the most popular Latin technical works from Antiquity, rivalling the elder Pliny's Natural History in the number of surviving copies dating from before AD 1300.

The name ' Evodia ' may in turn originate from the seven ' Haemodae ' of uncertain identification in Pliny's Natural History ( IV 16 ( 30 ) or Pomponius Mela's Chronographia ( III 6, 54 ).

* John J. Popovic, " Apelles, the greatest painter of Antiquity " Source quotes from Pliny's Natural History.

They also appear in Pliny the Elder's Natural History, together with Moses, as famous magicians of antiquity ; Pliny's citation is also referred to in Apuleius.

He continued translating and publishing his edition of Hippocrates ' writings, which was not completed until 1862, and he published a similar edition of Pliny's Natural History.

* Translation of Pliny's Natural History ( 1848 – 1850 )

Milner observes that it was " one of the most popular Latin technical works from Antiquity, rivalling the elder Pliny's Natural History in the number of surviving copies dating from before AD 1300.

The greater part is taken from Pliny's Natural History and the geography of Pomponius Mela.

Pliny's own table of contents for his encyclopedic Historia naturalis (" Natural History ") may be viewed online in Latin and in English ( following dedication ).

Another difficulty is that manuscripts of early writers were often incomplete: it is apparent that Bede had access to Pliny's Encyclopedia, for example, but it seems that the version he had was missing book xviii, as he would almost certainly have quoted from it in his De temporum ratione.

Pliny's description of the exposed portion of the tomb is intractable ; Pliny, it seems clear, had not observed this structure himself, but is quoting the historian and Roman antiquarian Varro.

The elder Domitia Lucilla had inherited a great fortune ( described at length in one of Pliny's letters ) from her maternal grandfather and her paternal grandfather by adoption.

In order to reconcile these conflicting statements, some suppose that Pliny's date is wrong and that the statue of Heracles had been made by Ageladas long before it was set up at Melite.

It is unclear from Pliny's description whether both Greek statues had originally represented the same Greek deity.

In Rome, the land tax exemption for the noble senatorial families had a similar effect, leading to Pliny's famous observation that the latifundia ( vast landed estates ) had ruined Rome, and would likewise ruin the provinces.

He had plane-trees conveyed to the city of Rhegium ( Reggio di Calabria ), where they were looked upon as the great marvel of his palace, according to Pliny's sources.

In Pliny's day, owing to the silting up of the harbour, its glory had already decayed and the Pandya capital had been removed to Madura ( Hist.

Pliny's obscure reference may be to the statue of Attus Navius in front of the Curia Hostilia: he stood with his lituus raised in an attitude that connected the Ficus Navia and the accompanying representation of the she-wolf to the Ficus Ruminalis, " as if " the tree had crossed from one space to the other.

" ( Histories iii. 116. 1 ) Ignoring the scepticism of Herodotus, Strabo and Pliny's Natural History perpetuated the fables about the northern people who had a single eye in the center of their foreheads and engaged in stealing gold from the griffins, causing battles between the two groups.

Pliny's Scatinavia is generally believed to have referred to the Scandinavian peninsula, which in the 1st century AD had not yet been fully explored by the Romans and was therefore described as an island.

It seems generally agreed that Pliny's account of the matter is correct in most of the particulars ; and there have been various dissertations on the way in which a statue of Venus could have been changed into one of Nemesis.

It has been speculated that the plant may also have functioned as a contraceptive, based partly on Pliny's statement that it could be used " to promote the menstrual discharge ".

The area described by Tacitus has therefore sometimes been treated as being the equivalent of Pliny's island Scatinavia, although variants on Scandiae and Scandinavia are not names used by Tacitus for this region.

Pliny's upper and lower seas must have been the Baltic and the Mediterranean respectively.

Pliny's narrative dwells upon a gigantic portrait-bust of Pompey, a thing of “ eastern splendor ” entirely covered with pearls, and with the benefit of hindsight, has this disembodied head anticipate Pompey ’ s later defeat at Pharsalus and subsequent decapitation in Egypt.

Pliny's father died at an early age when his son was still young ; as a result, Pliny probably lived with his mother.

Pliny's remark that Myron's works were numerosior than those of Polycleitus and " more diligent " seem to suggest that they were considered more harmonious in proportions ( numeri ) and at the same time more convincing in their realism: diligentia connoted " attentive care to fine points ", a quality that, in moderation, was characteristic of the best works of art, according to critics in Antiquity.

Pliny's Natural History and the epigram writer Martial both credit Cnaeus Matius Calvinus, in the circle of Julius Caesar, with introducing the first topiary to Roman gardens, and Pliny the Younger describes in a letter the elaborate figures of animals, inscriptions, cyphers and obelisks in clipped greens at his Tuscan villa ( Epistle vi, to Apollinaris ).

Pliny's Natural History records the westward progress of the plane " introduced among us from a foreign clime for nothing but its shade ", planted first at the tomb of Diomedes on the island of Tremiti, then imported to Greek Sicily by Dionysius the Elder ( c. 432-367 BC ), tyrant of Syracuse.

In the 1st century AD, the Iazyges settled in the west of Dacia, on the plain between the Danube and the Tisza rivers, according to some scholars ' interpretation of Pliny's text: “ The higher parts between the Danube and the Hercynian Forest ( Black Forest ) as far as the winter quarters of Pannonia at Carnuntum and the plains and level country of the German frontiers there are occupied by the Sarmatian Iazyges, while the Dacians whom they have driven out hold the mountains and forests as far as the river Theiss ”.

Of his prose works the most distinguished for animation and eloquence is the Panegyric on Trajan, composed in a transport of indignation at the supposed feebleness of Pliny's eulogium.