Poincaré wrote a memorandum for the conference, saying that after the Franco-Prussian War Germany occupied various French provinces and did not leave until it received all of the indemnity, whereas France wanted reparations for damage caused.

Poincaré was exasperated with British failure to act, and wrote to the French ambassador in London:

Poincaré was exasperated with British failure to act, and wrote to the French ambassador in London:

Already in his philosophical writing on time measurements ( 1898 ) Poincaré wrote that astronomers like Ole Rømer, in determining the speed of light, simply assume that light has a constant speed, and that this speed is the same in all directions.

And in 1904 Poincaré wrote:

Referring to the critique of Poincaré from 1900, Lorentz wrote in his famous paper in 1904, where he extended his theorem of corresponding states: " Surely, the course of inventing special hypotheses for each new experimental result is somewhat artificial.

In 1921 Lorentz credited Poincaré for establishing the principle and postulate of relativity and wrote: " I have not established the principle of relativity as rigorously and universally true.

Relativistic invariance can however be retained in the sense of twisted Poincaré invariance of the theory.

Geometrically, the nerve is essentially a " dual complex " ( in the sense of a dual graph, or Poincaré duality ) for the covering.

This sense of definition allowed Poincaré to argue with Bertrand Russell over Giuseppe Peano's axiomatic theory of natural numbers.

The French mathematician Henri Poincaré was among the first to articulate a conventionalist view.

Dingler himself initially characterized it as " critical conventionalism ", to contrast it with the " naïve conventionalism " of other philosophers such as Poincaré, but he himself later ceased to call his position conventionalist.

The idea of a sphere-world was constructed by Henri Poincaré who, while pursuing his argument for conventionalism ( see philosophy of space and time ), offered a thought experiment about a sphere with strange properties.

The rejection of impredicatively defined mathematical objects ( while accepting the natural numbers as classically understood ) leads to the position in the philosophy of mathematics known as predicativism, advocated by Henri Poincaré and Hermann Weyl in his Das Kontinuum.

His book The Evolution of Matter was very popular in France ( having twelve editions ), and though some of its ideas — notably that all matter was inherently unstable and was constantly and slowly transforming into luminiferous ether — were used by some physicists of the time ( including Henri Poincaré ), his specific formulations were not given much consideration.

In 1895 Poincaré argued that experiments like that of Michelson-Morley show that it seems to be impossible to detect the absolute motion of matter or the relative motion of matter in relation to the ether.

However, Poincaré himself never abandoned the ether hypothesis and stated in 1900: " Does our ether actually exist?

Even in 1912 in a paper called " The Quantum theory ", Poincaré ten times used the word " ether ", and described light as " luminous vibrations of the ether ".

There exists a pullback of this action, which is continuous in the norm topology of ( Poincaré covariance ).

discovered this puzzling object while he was trying to prove the Poincaré conjecture, correcting an error in an earlier paper where he incorrectly claimed that no such manifold exists.

Let ( a, L ) and ( b, M ) be two Poincaré transformations, and let us denote their group product by ( a, L ).

Poincaré asks us to imagine a sphere of radius R. The temperature of the sphere decreases from its maximum at the center to absolute zero at its extremity such that a body ’ s temperature at a distance r from the center is proportional to.

Those who had joined hoping for revolutionary action began to leave, and, by the end of 1926, the party was losing militants fast-a decline was hastened by the formation of a right-wing government under Raymond Poincaré, and the stabilisation of the franc.

Like all subatomic particles, hadrons are assigned quantum numbers corresponding to the representations of the Poincaré group: J < sup > PC </ sup >( m ), where J is the spin quantum number, P the intrinsic parity ( or P-parity ), and C, the charge conjugation ( or C-parity ), and the particle's mass, m. Note that the mass of a hadron has very little to do with the mass of its valence quarks ; rather, due to mass – energy equivalence, most of the mass comes from the large amount of energy associated with the strong interaction.

Lie groups are the symmetry groups used in the Standard Model of particle physics ; Point groups are used to help understand symmetry phenomena in molecular chemistry ; and Poincaré groups can express the physical symmetry underlying special relativity.

In mathematics, the Poincaré conjecture ( ; ) is a theorem about the characterization of the three-dimensional sphere ( 3-sphere ), which is the hypersphere that bounds the unit ball in four-dimensional space.

From left to right: Top row-Archimedes, Aristotle, Alhazen | Ibn al-Haytham, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ; Second row-Isaac Newton, James Hutton, Antoine Lavoisier, John Dalton, Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel ; Third row-Louis Pasteur, James Clerk Maxwell, Henri Poincaré, Sigmund Freud, Nikola Tesla, Max Planck ; Fourth row-Ernest Rutherford, Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Enrico Fermi ; Bottom row-J. Robert Oppenheimer, Alan Turing, Richard Feynman, E. O. Wilson, Jane Goodall, Stephen Hawking

On July 24 French prime minister Raymond Poincaré resigned for medical reasons ; he was succeeded by Aristide Briand.

** French prime minister Raymond Poincaré resigns ; he is succeeded by Aristide Briand.

He then cemented his reputation with a proof of the Poincaré conjecture for all dimensions greater than or equal to 5, published in 1961 ; in 1962 he generalized the ideas in a 107 page paper that established the h-cobordism theorem.

In 1922-3 Curzon had to negotiate with France after French troops occupied the Ruhr to enforce the payment of German reparations ; he described the French Prime Minister ( and former President ) Raymond Poincaré as a " horrid little man ".

# Jules Henri Poincaré – Science and Hypothesis ; Science and Method

Like the Poincaré group, it has four connected components: the component of the identity ; the time reversed component ; the spatial inversion component ; and the component which is both time reversed and spatially inverted.

* Rivasseau, Vincent ; An introduction to renormalization, Poincaré Seminar ( Paris, Oct. 12, 2002 ), published in: Duplantier, Bertrand ; Rivasseau, Vincent ( Eds.

) ; Poincaré Seminar 2002, Progress in Mathematical Physics 30, Birkhäuser ( 2003 ) ISBN 3-7643-0579-7.

* Zinn-Justin, Jean ; Phase Transitions & Renormalization Group: from Theory to Numbers, Poincaré Seminar ( Paris, Oct. 12, 2002 ), published in: Duplantier, Bertrand ; Rivasseau, Vincent ( Eds.

) ; Poincaré Seminar 2002, Progress in Mathematical Physics 30, Birkhäuser ( 2003 ) ISBN 3-7643-0579-7.

* Connes, Alain ; Symétries Galoisiennes & Renormalisation, Poincaré Seminar ( Paris, Oct. 12, 2002 ), published in: Duplantier, Bertrand ; Rivasseau, Vincent ( Eds.

) ; Poincaré Seminar 2002, Progress in Mathematical Physics 30, Birkhäuser ( 2003 ) ISBN 3-7643-0579-7.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Henri Poincaré was working on the foundations of topology — what would later be called combinatorial topology and then algebraic topology.

Henri Poincaré gave a keynote address on mathematical physics, including an outline for what would eventually became known as special relativity.

At the turn of the 20th century, this problem led Henri Poincaré to make one of the first deductions of the existence of chaos, or what is prosaically called the " butterfly effect ": that even a very small perturbation can have a very large effect on a system.

In the middle of May Poincaré, the ex-president of France, resigned his position as president of the Reparations Commission, on account of what he regarded as the undue leniency which had been shown towards Germany.

In what is referred to in physics as Noether's theorem, the Poincaré group of transformations ( what is now called a gauge group ) for general relativity defines symmetries under a group of transformations which depend on a variational principle, or action principle.

So with a few exceptions most historians of science argue that Poincaré did not invent what is now called special relativity, although it is admitted that Poincaré anticipated much of Einstein's methods and terminology.