Polar mesospheric clouds are the highest in the atmosphere and occur mostly at altitudes of, which is about ten times the altitude of tropospheric high clouds.

# Polar mesospheric summer echoes ( PMSE ) have been studied, probing the mesosphere using the IRI as a powerful radar, and with a 28 MHz radar, and two VHF radars at 49 MHz and 139 MHz.

# REDIRECT Polar mesospheric clouds

Polar mesospheric clouds illuminated by the rising Sun.

Polar mesospheric clouds ( PMCs ) are a diffuse scattering layer of water ice crystals near the summer polar mesopause.

Polar mesospheric clouds generally increase in brightness and occurrence frequency with increasing

Polar mesospheric cloud observations have

Polar mesospheric summer echoes ( PMSE ) is the phenomenon of anomalous radar echoes found between 80-90 km in altitude from May through early August in the Arctic, and from November through to February in the Antarctic.

This means that noctilucent clouds form predominantly during summer when, counterintuitively, the mesosphere is coldest, therefore they can't be observed ( even if they are present ) inside the Polar circles because the Sun is never low enough under the horizon at this season at these latitudes.

* Polar stratospheric clouds

Polar stratospheric clouds or PSCs, also known as nacreous clouds (, from nacre, or mother of pearl, due to its iridescence ), are clouds in the winter polar stratosphere at altitudes of.

File: Polar Stratospheric Cloud veil type I. jpg | A veil of type I PSC, easily confused with cirrostratus clouds or tropospheric haze

File: Polar Stratospheric Cloud type I above Cirrus. jpg | A type I PSC ( white cloud above the orange tropospheric clouds ), showing fine horizontal structures in the veil.

Polar unit vectors at two times t and t + dt for a particle with trajectory r ( t ); on the left the unit vectors u < sub > ρ </ sub > and u < sub > θ </ sub > at the two times are moved so their tails all meet, and are shown to trace an arc of a unit radius circle.

On May 3, 2011, it was announced that Patti Smith is one of the winners of the Polar Music Prize: " By devoting her life to art in all its forms, Patti Smith has demonstrated how much rock ’ n ' roll there is in poetry and how much poetry there is in rock ’ n ' roll.

In 1982 Anni-Frid Lyngstad had sold all the shares in the Polar Music company given to her by Anderson, as she moved abroad.

They are among the most southerly distributed of all seabirds, as are the Emperor Penguin, the South Polar Skua, the Wilson's Storm Petrel, the Snow Petrel, and the Antarctic Petrel.

On 15 November 2005, to celebrate Lyngstad's 60th birthday, Universal Records released the box set Frida, consisting of all the solo albums she recorded for Polar Music, all digitally remastered and including a set of bonus tracks.

* Polar surface area, the surface sum over all polar atoms of a molecule

Maltin Polar, is another of their most famous products, a Malta, similar to a nonalcoholic ale style beer, suited for all ages.

The first written reference to the name, and indeed to the island at all, appears in Charles Henry Davis's book Narrative of the North Polar expedition ( 1876 ), which is a narrative of Hall's third North Pole expedition.

* A brown bear coating himself in baking soda to be acceptable to humans as a polar bear, a young boy selling frozen words, and a woman whose voice cuts through a giant tree to release oranges that light the Polar night are all tales told by a Pomor elder in the Soviet animation film Laughter and Grief by the White Sea.

While designated as a passenger train, the Polar Bear Express also carries specialized equipment including boxcars for canoes, snowmobiles and all terrain vehicles, chain cars ( flat cars with tie downs ) for carrying cars and light trucks ( there are no roads to Moosonee so vehicles come in and out by train ) and baggage and express cars.

He investigated fossils of various ages and from all parts of the world, but more especially from the Palaeozoic formations, including those of South Africa, the Polar regions, and notably the Devonian fossils of Germany, Bohemia and other parts of Europe.

At first operating in secrecy, the Legion of Substitute Heroes was gradually recognized by the real Legion as a valuable asset, most notably after the assault on the Citadel of Throon when the regular Legionnaires were all defeated and it was left to Polar Boy and Night Girl to lead an effective attack and end the siege.

Infectious Lass, Fire Lad, and Color Kid were seen on the cover, while Stone Boy, Chlorophyll Kid, Night Girl, and Polar Boy all tried out.

In addition, Antennae Lad, Polar Boy, Fire Lad, Double-Header, and Night Girl all appeared in cameos in both episodes as prospective members of the Legion.

39 Models were made for US markets, 27 for the Rest of the world, and 10 for Japan all in Polar Silver ( http :// flachbau. com ).

Polar twilight occurs in areas that are located at the inner border of the polar circles, where the sun will be on or below the horizon all day on the winter solstice, although there may still be enough light for normal outdoor activities during civil twilight because of light scattering by the upper atmosphere and refraction.

For all its remoteness, Hammerfest has a long history as a trading port, and Isbjørnklubben as it is called in Norwegian-meaning simply Polar Bear Club-sets out to commemorate this.

The resolutions adopting the seal upon which this motto appears, give some insight into the meaning intended by the state motto: "... as the Polar Star has been considered the mariner's guide and director in conducting the ship over the pathless ocean to the desired haven, and as the center of magnetic attraction ; as it has been figuratively used to denote the point, to which all affections turn, and as it is here intended to represent the State, it may be considered the citizens ' guide, and the object to which the patriot's best exertions should be directed ".

The album opens with " Min Egen Stad " and " En Gång Är Ingen Gång ", the A-and B-side of Lyngstad's last but one single for the EMI label before signing with Polar Music, both produced by Benny Andersson and with backing vocals by all four future ABBA members.

Polar mounts can use a simplified one axis design because geostationary satellite are fixed in the sky relative to the observing dish and their equatorial orbits puts them all in a common line that can be accessed by swinging the satellite dish along a single arc approximately 90 degrees from the mount's polar axis.

Before Jeffson leaves, he hears a sermon by a Scottish priest named Mackay, speaking against Polar research, calling the failure of all previous expeditions the will of God, and prophesying a terrible fate for those who attempt to go against God's will in this.

Note all of the confirmed hybrids listed here have been in captivity ( except Grizzly / Polar bear ), but there are unconfirmed reports of hybrids in the wild.

Polar bear as a tyke, brown bear as creature ) The new Tyke will know all the spells and lesson of the old tyke.

Polar deserts are relatively common during ice ages, as ice ages tend to be dry.

* Polar overdominance a form of genetic mutation

Polar lows can form over relatively mild ocean waters when cold air sweeps in from the ice cap, leading to upward motion and convection, usually in the form of snow.

The IERS was established in its present form in 1987 by the International Astronomical Union and the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, replacing the earlier International Polar Motion Service ( IPMS ) and the earth-rotation section of the Bureau International de l ' Heure ( BIH ).

* A Polar area diagram, sometimes called a Coxcomb chart, is an enhanced form of pie chart developed by Florence Nightingale.

The sheer volume of energy the Hadley cell transports, and the depth of the heat sink that is the Polar cell, ensures that the effects of transient weather phenomena are not only not felt by the system as a whole, but — except under unusual circumstances — are not even permitted to form.

Polar regions are characterized by the polar climate, extremely cold temperatures, heavy glaciation wherever there is sufficient precipitation to form permanent ice, and extreme variations in daylight hours, with twenty-four hours of daylight in summer, and complete darkness at mid-winter.

Some notable sailing ships in the end of the Age of Sail also featured the egg-shaped form alike that of Pomor boats, for example the famous Fram, used by Fridtjof Nansen and other great Norwegian Polar explorers.

Polar lows form for a number of different reasons, and a spectrum of systems is observed on satellite imagery.

Polar ice caps form because high latitude regions receive less energy in the form of solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.

The South Polar dinosaurs proliferated during the Early Cretaceous ( 145 – 100 Ma ) while the continent of Australia was still linked to Antarctica to form East Gondwana, a continent that had rifted from Africa and drifted southward.

Polar lows are a second special class of MCS which form at high latitudes during the cold season.