* 1623 – Stanisław Lubieniecki, Polish theologian, historian, astronomer, and writer ( d. 1675 )

The following notes are based on interpretations by the Polish historian Gerard Labuda.

In an appendix, Kepler also discussed the recent chronology work of the Polish historian Laurentius Suslyga ; he calculated that, if Suslyga was correct that accepted timelines were four years behind, then the Star of Bethlehem — analogous to the present new star — would have coincided with the first great conjunction of the earlier 800-year cycle.

* 1901 – Mieczysław Żywczyński, Polish historian and priest ( d. 1978 )

Polish historian Andrzej Walicki noted that Marx's and Engels's theory was the " theory of freedom ", but a theory that, at the height of its influence, was used to legitimise the totalitarian socialist state of the Soviet Union.

* 1932 – Bronisław Geremek, Polish social historian and politician.

** Mieczysław Żywczyński, Polish historian and priest ( died 1978 )

* May 29 – Joachim Lelewel, Polish nationalist historian ( b. 1786 )

* February 15 – Gerard Ciołek, Polish architect and historian of gardens ( b. 1909 )

** Jan Józef Lipski, Polish critic, historian and politician ( b. 1926 )

** Zdzisław Żygulski, Sr., Polish literary historian ( d. 1975 )

* August 18 – Zdzislaw Zygulski, Jr., Polish art historian

* March 6 – Bronisław Geremek, Polish social historian and politician ( d. 2008 )

* January 12 – Tadeusz Żychiewicz, Polish journalist, art historian and publicist ( d. 1994 )

* January – Józef Białynia Chołodecki, Polish historian ( b. 1852 )

* March 22 – Joachim Lelewel, Polish historian ( d. 1861 )

* March 8 – Wincenty Kadłubek, Polish bishop and historian ( b. 1161 )

* December 1 – Jan Długosz, Polish historian ( d. 1480 )

* May 19 – Jan Długosz, Polish historian ( b. 1415 )

Joachim Lelewel a prominent Polish historian and participant in the Polish uprising of 1830-1831 was also a frequent associate.

Polish historian Oskar Halecki and others noted, that Sobieski also planned to conquer Prussia with Swedish troops and French support.

A number of Polish intellectual figures have also been Tatars, e. g. the prominent historian Jerzy Łojek.

A manifesto entitled " Development through Democracy " issued by the party in February 2005 was signed by a broad range of Polish intellectuals and artists, including Paweł Huelle ( writer ), Marek Edelman ( physician, last surviving leader of the Warsaw Ghetto Rising ), Agnieszka Holland ( director ), Marek Kondrat ( actor ), Kazimierz Kutz ( director ), Jan Miodek ( linguist ), Daniel Olbrychski ( actor ), Jerzy Pilch ( writer ), Henryk Samsonowicz ( historian ), Jerzy Szacki ( sociologist ).

The 1931 Polish Census reported the German population in the city was 117, 200 ; according to the German historian Hugo Rasmus, only about 10, 000 Germans remained by 1939.

The novel tells the story of Sophie ( a Polish Roman Catholic who survived Auschwitz ), Nathan ( her brilliant, mercurial, and menacing Jewish lover ), and Stingo ( a Southern transplant in post World War II-Brooklyn who was in love with Sophie ).

A Song to Remember is a 1945 Columbia Pictures biographical film which tells a fictionalised life story of Polish pianist and composer Frédéric Chopin.

A 2008 print and televisionad campaign for HSBC, written by Jeffree Benet of JWT Hong Kong, tells a tale of a Polish washing machine manufacturer's representative sent to India to discover why their sales are so high there.

This novel tells the story of Oskar Schindler, self-made entrepreneur and bon viveur who almost by default found himself saving Polish Jews from the Nazi death machine.

The comedy-drama tells of Ariel Makaroff, the grandson of Holocaust-era Polish refugees, who is currently on a complex search for his personal and cultural identity.

David Michael Latt based the themes of the film ( internationally titled Invasion ) on the 2002 film The Pianist, which tells the true story of a Polish Jew who struggles to survive the battle between the Wehrmacht and the a Jewish resistance in the Second World War.

She tells him that she knows the location of The Village: On the Baltic coast of Lithuania about 30 miles from the Polish border.

Conquest ( also called Marie Walewska ) is a 1937 film which tells the story of the Polish Countess Marie Walewska, who becomes the mistress of Napoleon in order to influence his actions towards her homeland.

This chapter tells the story of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Battle of Vienna.

Together with the leaders of the independence movement, the exile community included the greatest Polish literary and artistic minds, including the Romantic poets Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Cyprian Norwid, and composer Frédéric Chopin.

The 1905 Russian Revolution arose new waves of Polish unrest, political maneuvering, strikes and rebellion, with Roman Dmowski and Józef Piłsudski active as leaders of the nationalist and socialist factions respectively.

Last leaders of the Second Polish Republic | Republic: Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły and President Ignacy Mościcki in 1936

" One month after Yalta, the Soviet NKVD arrested 16 Polish leaders wishing to participate in provisional government negotiations, for alleged " crimes " and " diversions ", which drew protest from the West.

He began his political career in 1980 / 1981 as one of the leaders of the Students ' Solidarity ; he was governor of the Gdańsk Voivodship from August 1990 to July 1996, and was elected to the Sejm ( the lower house of the Polish parliament ) in September 1997.

This conjecture seems to be confirmed in the introduction of the first volume of the chronicles of Gallus Anonymus concerning the Pomeranians: Although often the leaders of the forces defeated by the Polish duke sought salvation in baptism, as soon as they regained their strength, they repudiated the Christian faith and started the war against Christians anew.

During World War II Germany sought to suppress all elements of social and political life of the Polish minority in Germany by interning and murdering Polish activists and leaders, including the ones in Warmia.

He then travelled to Berlin where at the SDKPiL conference Dzerzhinsky was elected a secretary of its party committee abroad ( KZ ) and met with several prominent leaders of the Polish Social Democratic movement Rosa Luxemburg and Leo Jogiches.

Bierut oversaw the trials of many Polish wartime military leaders, such as General Stanisław Tatar and Brig.

Whereas Nazi leaders were influenced by German nationalism ( Hitler deemed certain groups such as Slavs to be inferior ), the NSBM scene has had its German and Polish activists work together from the very beginning, though Germany and Poland historically had conflicts.

By conquest the first leaders of the Polans, Mieszko I and especially Boleslaw I added a number of surrounding territories to the newly established core Polish state, and Lebus Land or Lubusz in Lusatia came under Polish rule.

It was initiated by several people, including Polish politician Józef Retinger, concerned about the growth of anti-Americanism in Western Europe, who proposed an international conference at which leaders from European countries and the United States would be brought together with the aim of promoting Atlanticism – better understanding between the cultures of the United States and Western Europe to foster cooperation on political, economic, and defense issues.

Four days later, on March 27, the Soviet NKVD arrested 16 Polish opposition political leaders that had been invited to participate in provisional government negotiations.

Hopes for a new free start were immediately dampened when the PKWN claimed they were entitled to choose who they wanted to take part in the government, and the Soviet NKVD seized sixteen Polish underground leaders who had wanted to participate in negotiations on the reorganization in March 1945 brought them to the Soviet Union for a show trial in June.

In 1938, he denounced the Munich Agreement at several rallies and may have written several leaders in the Manchester Guardian criticising the Munich Agreement ; later, he would compare the smaller number of Czechoslovak dead with the number of Polish dead.

The Warsaw ghetto is discussed toward the end of the film, and the conditions there are described by Jan Karski, who worked for the Polish government-in-exile and Franz Grassler, a Nazi administrator who liaised with Jewish leaders.

After the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, leaders of the Polish minority were arrested and sent to concentration camps.

* Mieczysław Boruta-Spiechowicz, Polish general and one of the leaders of anti-communist opposition in the 1970s.

Some Polish Hasidic leaders supported Napoleon

During the French invasion of Russia, while many Polish Hasidic leaders supported Napoleon or remained quiet about their support, Rabbi Shneur Zalman openly and vigorously supported the Tsar.

Louis Philippe sent him to Poland in 1830, where he was entrusted by the leaders of the Polish November 1830-31 Uprising with a mission to London.

Hungary was invaded by the Soviet Army in 1956 after it had overthrown its pro-Soviet government and replaced it with one that sought a more democratic communist path independent of Moscow ; when Polish communist leaders tried to elect Władysław Gomułka as First Secretary they were issued an ultimatum by Soviet military that occupied Poland ordering them to withdraw election of Gomulka for the First Secretary or be " crushed by Soviet tanks ".

This group, sentenced to hard labor, included principal leaders of the Decembrist movement, as well as Polish revolutionaries.