The university was founded by Polish professors formerly associated with the University of Wilno.

He founded the academy of sciences in the Zaikonospassky monastery, where everything not expressly forbidden by the Orthodox church, including Slavonic, Greek, Latin and Polish, was to be taught by competent professors.

< center > Inscription in Polish language | Polish and Latin :< BR >" In this building < BR > Karol Olszewski and < BR > Zygmunt Wróblewski < BR > professors at Jagiellonian University < BR > in 1883 < BR > for the first time in the world liquifed < BR > components of air < BR > thereby opening to science and industry < BR > new fields of research and application "

* The first measurable quantity of liquid oxygen was produced by Polish professors Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski ( Jagiellonian University in Kraków ) on April 5, 1883.

The wave of arrests led to forced resettlement of large categories of people ( kulaks, Polish civil servants, forest workers, university professors or osadniks, for instance ) to the Gulag labour camps.

Notably, early adherents represented the elite of Polish clergy of that time – they were young priests who had finished theology studies at the Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy ; they were often professors and lecturers at the seminary schools, and held positions as seminary Rectors or as chancery officials.

He is the son of Ladis " Kris " Kristof ( born Vladislav Krzysztofowicz ), who was born of Polish and Armenian parents in former Austria-Hungary and who emigrated to the United States after World War II, and Jane Kristof, both long-time professors at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon.

Very quickly some buildings were repaired, and a cadre of professors was built up, many coming from prewar Polish universities in Wilno and Lwów.

A group of 27 professors, originating from the University and Technical University of Lwów, arrived in Wrocław and started the Polish academic society in the destroyed or severely damaged buildings of the Technische Hochschule Breslau.

Polish professors who took part in the underground courses included Iwo Jaworski, Kazimierz Petrusewicz and Bronisław Wróblewski.

Soon after the annexation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union, while some Polish professors were allowed to resume teaching, many others ( along with some Lithuanian professors ) who were deemed " reactionary " were arrested and sent to prisons and gulags in Russia and Kazakhstan.

Szybalski ( left ) with James D. Watson and his wife during a ceremony at IBB PAN, Warsaw, 24 June 2008, devoted to Massacre of Lviv professors | Polish professors murdered by the Nazis in Lviv in July 1941

During the Polish – Soviet War ( 1919 – 1921 ), some one hundred Russian ciphers were broken by a sizable cadre of Polish cryptologists who included Army Lt. Jan Kowalewski and three world-famous professors of mathematics — Stefan Mazurkiewicz, Wacław Sierpiński and Stanisław Leśniewski.

Most professors who were not proficient in Polish left the Polytechnic.

However, the rector as well as other professors refrained from using a German-sounding name, and insisted on calling it in Polish Szkola Politechniczna.

One of the earliest Nazi crimes in Lviv was the mass murder of Polish professors together with some of their relatives and guests, carried out at the beginning of July 1941.

According to a Ukrainian historian, out of approximately 160 Polish professors living in Lviv in June 1941, the professors chosen for execution were specifically those who actively cooperated with the Soviet regime in some way between 1940-1941.

According to Lviv historian Vasyl Rasevych, the statement that Ukrainians participatied in the massacre of the Polish professors is nonsense and that no archival evidence exists regarding this.

On July 3, 2011 a memorial dedicated to the 39 Polish professors murdered by the Gestapo on July 4, 1941 was opened in Lviv.

The professors organized a net of secret high schools, trade schools and special courses of forbidden subjects, such as the Polish language, history and geography.

In the reunited kingdom, and later in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth, the country came to be divided into administrative units called voivodeships.

Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency offers support for foreign investors – assists and helps investors in all the necessary legal and administrative procedures.

Polish public roads are grouped into categories related to administrative division.

In the reunited kingdom, and later in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth, the country came to be divided into administrative units called voivodeships.

The voivodeship, or province, called in Polish województwo ( plural województwa ), has been a high-level administrative subdivision of Poland since the 14th century.

Owing to the prevalence of East Slavs and the Eastern Orthodox faith among the population in eastern and southern regions of the state, the Ruthenian language was a widely used colloquial language while Lithuanian was primarily used for administrative and diplomatic needs until the late 17th century, when it was eventually replaced by Polish.

In Ruthenia, the language of administrative documents gradually shifted towards Polish.

The city of Białystok is divided into 28 administrative units, known in Polish as osiedla.

In February 1920, the Treaty of Versailles awarded the city and the surrounding region to the Second Polish Republic ( the administrative region of Pomeranian Voivodeship ).

The People's Republic of Poland was divided into several voivodeships ( the Polish unit of administrative division ).

File: Poland administrative division 1957 literki. PNG | Polish voivodeships after 1957.

File: Poland administrative division 1975 literki. png | Polish voivodeships after 1975.

On January 16, 1816 the administrative division was reformed from the departments of the Duchy of Warsaw into the more traditionally Polish voivodeships, obwóds and powiats.

On 7 March 1837, in the aftermath of the November Uprising earlier that decade, the administrative division was reformed once again, bringing Congress Poland closer to the structure of the Russian Empire, with the introduction of guberniyas ( governorate, Polish spelling gubernia ).

The governor was assigned to give advice in matters of Polish nationality, and had the right to veto the administration decisions ; in reality, however, all administrative power was in the hands of the Prussian upper-president of the province.

Kraków Voivodeship 14th c .- 1795 (, Polish: )-a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland from 14th century to the partitions of Poland in 1772-1795 ( see

Płock Voivodeship ( Polish: Województwo Płockie ) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland from the 15th century till the partitions of Poland in 1795.

* Siedlce Department (): a unit of administrative division and local government in Polish Duchy of Warsaw in years 1806 – 1815.

In 1818, Chodzież became the administrative center of a county-like district ( German: Kreis ) ( see Kreis Kolmar in Posen ) that was formed from parts of the following these Kreise: Wirsitz, Wongrowitz, Obornik and Czarnikau ( Polish: Wyrzysk, Wagrowiec, Oborniki and Czarnkow ).

: This article is about the unit of administrative division ; for " public properties, state properties " of Polish-Lithuanian Kings see: Crown lands in Poland and Lithuania ( Polish: królewszczyzny, dobra królewskie ); for insignia of Polish and Polish-Lithuanian Kings see: Polish Crown Jewels

His proposal, unfortunately, was rejected, and the Tsar decided to make various limited concessions only when it was too late, and the streets of Warsaw were running with blood: " No constitution, no Polish Army, nothing like political autonomy ; instead administrative freedoms with nominations for Poles, not excluding Russians ".

The Senate building was originally an administrative building of the Polish Sejm which was built during the early 1950s and eventually became the Sejm library.

Located close to the Polish border, it is also the administrative center of the Moravian-Silesian Region and of the Municipality with Extended Competence.