Political scandals in the United Kingdom are commonly referred to by the press and commentators as "' sleaze ".

The Party's main bodies to oversee the PLA are the Central Military Commission and the General Political Department.

There are, in addition to decision-making roles, advisory committees, including the People's Political Consultative Conference.

Political leaders are known to have claimed actual divinity in certain early societies — the ancient Egyptian Pharaohs being the premier case — taking a role as objects of worship and being credited with superhuman status and powers.

In addition to the formal structure of the ELDR Party, there are convened at least two Political Leaders ' Meetings a year in order to exchange views on the items on the agenda of the European Council and more general views on the European political situation.

The members of the Political Leaders ' Meeting are:

Political geography is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures.

Political philosophy professor Charles Blattberg argues that discussion of human rights, being abstract, demotivates people from upholding the values that rights are meant to affirm.

Civil and political rights are enshrined in articles 3 to 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ).

Though states ( or increasingly, international organizations ) are usually the only ones with standing to address a violation of international law, some treaties, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights have an optional protocol that allows individuals who have had their rights violated by member states to petition the international Human Rights Committee.

# Political influence: Smaller countries, such as Portugal and the Netherlands, who do not carry much political clout on the international stage, are given a substantial increase in influence through membership in IGOs, such as the European Union.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are sometimes referred to as the international bill of rights.

This has an interesting consequence because treaties that limit or extend the powers of the Dutch government are automatically considered a part of their constitutional law, for example, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Political parties may be formed ; most are based on sectarian interests.

Political blocs are usually based on confessional and local interests or on personal / family allegiance rather than on political affinities.

Political parties are allowed to form alliances or coalitions to nominate candidates for any particular election.

Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media ( 1988 ), by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, is an analysis of the news media, arguing that the mass media of the United States " are effective and powerful ideological institutions that carry out a system-supportive propaganda function by reliance on market forces, internalized assumptions, and self-censorship, and without overt coercion ".

Political philosophy is the study of such topics as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why ( or even if ) they are needed, what, if anything, makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.

Political and historical films represent, influence, and create historical consciousness and are able to distort events making it a persuasive and possibly untrustworthy medium.

The branches are according to Panama's Political Constitution of 1972, reformed by the Actos Reformatorios of 1978, and by the Acto Constitucional in 1983., united in cooperation and limited through the classic system of checks and balances.

Three independent organizations with clearly defined responsibilities are found in the Political Constitution.

Citing this difficulty, former American Political Science Association President Lawrence Lowell once said " We are limited by the impossibility of experiment.

Political media are communication vehicles owned, ruled, managed, or otherwise influenced by political entities, meant to propagate views of the related entity.

In his work Political Style, Robert Hariman claims, " Furthermore, questions of freedom, equality, and justice often are raised and addressed through performances ranging from debates to demonstrations without loss of moral content ".

Political science as a separate field is a relatively late arrival in terms of social sciences.

Political campaigns are relatively short, and there are restrictions on the use of billboards.

Political parody was something relatively new to American mainstream television in 1975 ; comedy shows in the past had rarely dared to push the envelope and engage in political mockery that could be construed as offensive and un-American.

Political campaigns in Belgium are relatively short, lasting only about one month, and there are restrictions on the use of billboards.

Political scientists agree that salience is relatively important in examining political policy, because policies are not only determined by what issues are important to people but also by how important they are.

Political tensions with neighboring countries like Peru over mining and other resources to support the growing population, and struggles between the growing urban mestizo population and indigenous peoples over land and resources have underlined the political struggles in recent years.

In recent decades, Leo Strauss sought to revive " Classical Political Rationalism " as a discipline that understands the task of reasoning, not as foundational, but as maieutic.

His most recent work is You and the State: A Short Introduction to Political Philosophy.

Political opposition to the logging of forests by the process known as clearfelling has grown very strong in recent years ( particularly in the case of woodchipping ), and the extent of future harvesting remains uncertain.

Some of the most popular in recent years have been Business, Communications, English, Biology, Biblical Studies, Political Science, International Relations, and Psychology.

" Political Scientist Larry Sabato predicts a narrow Rehberg victory, pointing out that Rehberg has lead in 10 of 13 recent polls.

The recent monographs are: “ From Eltsin to Putin: three epochs in the historical consciousness of Russians ” ( 2007 ), “ Political Russia: pre-elections guide – 2007 ”, “ Political Dictionary of The Present ” ( 2006 ), “ Russia on the Crossroads of the 2d Term ” ( 2005 ).

Political influences between the countries are minimal, but social democrats tend to cooperate very closely on regional and European topics in recent years.

His two most recent books are Australian Political Facts: Second Edition ( Macmillan, 1997 ) which he wrote with Ian McAllister and Carolyn Brown Boldiston and, more recently, Constitutional Politics: The Republic Referendum and the Future ( University of Queensland Press, 2002 ), which he edited with John Warhurst of the Australian National University.

Political arguments were given more weight in recent years when several major multinational firms based in Mayo joined forces to lobby the government to upgrade the N5.

The paper has also launched the careers of many news journalists, including in recent times Observer Political Editor Gaby Hinsliff, Guardian New York correspondent Oliver Burkeman, Guardian music critic Alexis Petridis, author and columnist Iain Hollingshead, Independent News Editor Oly Duff and Foreign News Editor Archie Bland and columnist Amol Rajan, the paper's New York business correspondent Stephen Foley and Independent columnist Johann Hari.

Recent research and publications also include Nigerian politics, globalization and global transformation of terror. His recent classes ( graduate and undergraduate ) at FDU includes, Human Rights in a Global Environment, Terrorism and Political Violence, Africa In World Affairs, Colonialism, Imperialism and Dependency, Political and Economic Challenges In Africa, Geography and World Issues, Problems In International Politics and The African State.

A more recent overview is provided in Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia by Martin Myant and Jan Drahokoupil.

Political campaigning has a long history of this tactic in various forms, including in person, print media and electronically in recent years.

Its " Northern Ireland Political Collection " collected since 1968 contains 250, 000 items and is the definitive archive of the recent troubles, containing material looking at all sides of the conflict.

Writing in the book America's Political Dynasties ( Doubleday, 1966 ), Stephen Hess commented: " Archie Roosevelt has, in recent years, added the family's name to many ultra-rightist causes.

Political parties are a recent innovation ; the first party was formed in 1976, and they only gained legal recognition in 1992.

Pearson is also director of the Council for Social and Economics Studies, which owns the Scott-Townsend Publishers imprint ( which has published most of his recent books ), and General Editor of Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies.

His most recent book, The Political Economy of Health Care: A Clinical Perspective explores how the NHS might be reconstituted as a humane service for all ( rather than a profitable one for the few ) and a civilising influence on society as a whole.

* Some more recent developments in Political geography

Leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan and Aruna Asaf Ali were described as " the Political children of Gandhi but recent students of Karl Marx.