Category: Political parties established in 1859

Category: Political parties disestablished in 1988

Category: Political parties established in 1903

Category: Political parties of the Russian Revolution

Political parties were banned from the start and the royal dictatorship took on an increasingly harsh character.

Category: Political parties established in 1975

Category: Political parties established in 1921

Category: Political parties in the Republic of China

The 72 signatories and 166 parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights recognise this rule, under Article 14 ( 7 ): No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an offence for which he has already been finally convicted or acquitted in accordance with the law and penal procedure of each country.

Category: Political parties established in 1969

* Political parties in Finland

Category: Political parties established in 1954

Political party activity was legalized in 1992, when more than 40 political parties were officially recognized for the first time.

Political institutions and parties were allowed to function, which was combined with electoral manipulation and strong-arming of those not willing to cooperate into submission.

Political parties had begun to revive almost immediately after the occupation began.

Category: Political parties established in 1912

Political parties were offered concessions, such as taxes on imported grain, in exchange for their support for naval bills.

Political parties may be formed ; most are based on sectarian interests.

Political parties remained banned until 1984.

Political parties were banned in Libya from 1972 until the collapse of the Gaddafi government, and all elections were nonpartisan under law.

Political parties were allowed to form freely.

Political parties were legalized again in 1991.

Political parties are allowed to form alliances or coalitions to nominate candidates for any particular election.

Political parties continued to proliferate but produced only a divided and weakly organized opposition or were suppressed.

Category: Political parties established in 1928

Political scandals in the United Kingdom are commonly referred to by the press and commentators as "' sleaze ".

The Party's main bodies to oversee the PLA are the Central Military Commission and the General Political Department.

There are, in addition to decision-making roles, advisory committees, including the People's Political Consultative Conference.

Political leaders are known to have claimed actual divinity in certain early societies — the ancient Egyptian Pharaohs being the premier case — taking a role as objects of worship and being credited with superhuman status and powers.

In addition to the formal structure of the ELDR Party, there are convened at least two Political Leaders ' Meetings a year in order to exchange views on the items on the agenda of the European Council and more general views on the European political situation.

The members of the Political Leaders ' Meeting are:

Political geography is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures.

Political philosophy professor Charles Blattberg argues that discussion of human rights, being abstract, demotivates people from upholding the values that rights are meant to affirm.

Civil and political rights are enshrined in articles 3 to 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ).

Though states ( or increasingly, international organizations ) are usually the only ones with standing to address a violation of international law, some treaties, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights have an optional protocol that allows individuals who have had their rights violated by member states to petition the international Human Rights Committee.

# Political influence: Smaller countries, such as Portugal and the Netherlands, who do not carry much political clout on the international stage, are given a substantial increase in influence through membership in IGOs, such as the European Union.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are sometimes referred to as the international bill of rights.

This has an interesting consequence because treaties that limit or extend the powers of the Dutch government are automatically considered a part of their constitutional law, for example, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Political blocs are usually based on confessional and local interests or on personal / family allegiance rather than on political affinities.

Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media ( 1988 ), by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, is an analysis of the news media, arguing that the mass media of the United States " are effective and powerful ideological institutions that carry out a system-supportive propaganda function by reliance on market forces, internalized assumptions, and self-censorship, and without overt coercion ".

Political philosophy is the study of such topics as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why ( or even if ) they are needed, what, if anything, makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.

Political and historical films represent, influence, and create historical consciousness and are able to distort events making it a persuasive and possibly untrustworthy medium.

The branches are according to Panama's Political Constitution of 1972, reformed by the Actos Reformatorios of 1978, and by the Acto Constitucional in 1983., united in cooperation and limited through the classic system of checks and balances.

Three independent organizations with clearly defined responsibilities are found in the Political Constitution.

Citing this difficulty, former American Political Science Association President Lawrence Lowell once said " We are limited by the impossibility of experiment.

Political media are communication vehicles owned, ruled, managed, or otherwise influenced by political entities, meant to propagate views of the related entity.

In his work Political Style, Robert Hariman claims, " Furthermore, questions of freedom, equality, and justice often are raised and addressed through performances ranging from debates to demonstrations without loss of moral content ".