Psychological warfare ( PSYWAR ), or the basic aspects of modern psychological operations ( PSYOP ), have been known by many other names or terms, including Psy Ops, Political Warfare, “ Hearts and Minds ”, and Propaganda.

The British set up the Political Warfare Executive to produce and distribute ' black ' and ' white ' propaganda ( see Categories of psychological warfare section for definitions ).

Such " immutable economic laws " are what Capital: Critique of Political Economy ( 1867 ) revealed about the functioning of the capitalist mode of production, how goods and services ( commodities ) are circulated among a society ; and thus explain the psychological phenomenon of commodity fetishism, which ascribes an independent, objective value and reality to a thing that has no inherent value — other than the value given to it by the producer, the seller, and the buyer of the commodity.

The Political Action Group within SAD is responsible for covert activities related to political influence, psychological and economic warfare.

In his address, he spoke of how " Political leaders can help change the psychological climate which affects the quality of relationships among people.

Political psychology is an interdisciplinary academic field dedicated to understanding politics, politicians and political behavior from a psychological perspective.

* Scholarly surveys of focused topics from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: articles on Aristotle, Aristotle in the Renaissance, Biology, Causality, Commentators on Aristotle, Ethics, Logic, Mathematics, Metaphysics, Natural philosophy, Non-contradiction, Political theory, Psychology, Rhetoric

Political theory

Weber also formulated a three-component theory of stratification, with Social class, Social status and Political party as conceptually distinct elements.

Political and economic relations were drastically influenced by these theories as the concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of free trade, and Roman Catholic dominance of theology was increasingly challenged by Protestant churches subordinate to each nation-state, which also ( in a fashion the Roman Catholic Church often decried angrily ) preached in the vulgar or native language of each region.

" Political science intersects with other fields ; including anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, economics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, sociology, history, law, political organization, and political theory.

* Political positivism, a theory founded by Ljubiša Bojić

Political theory deals with civil and political rights.

In later editions of his Principles of Political Economy ( 1848 ), Mill would argue that " as far as economic theory was concerned, there is nothing in principle in economic theory that precludes an economic order based on socialist policies.

The theory of indifference curves was developed by Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, who explained in his book " Mathematical Psychics: an Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences ”, 1881, the mathematics needed for its drawing ; later on, Vilfredo Pareto was the first author to actually draw these curves, in his book " Manual of Political Economy ", 1906 ; and others in the first part of the 20th century.

* Political theory

In a 1994 report Right Woos Left, published by the Political Research Associates, investigative journalist Chip Berlet argued that right-wing populist conspiracy theories about the Bilderberg group date back as early as 1964 and can be found in Schlafly's self-published book A Choice, Not an Echo, which promoted a conspiracy theory in which the Republican Party was secretly controlled by elitist intellectuals dominated by members of the Bilderberger group, whose internationalist policies would pave the way for world communism.

The underlying theory of the Political Compass is that political views may be better measured along two separate and independent axes.

Political theory concerned with radical democracy, particularly that of such theorists as Michel Foucault, Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe, Jacques Ranciere, and Alain Badiou also focus upon deliberation insofar as the process of engagement between disparate positions create the conditions of possibility for a politics.

Similar to Lenin's use of it, left communists, coming from the Communist International themselves started in fact with a theory of decadence in the first place, yet the communist left sees the theory of decadence at the heart of Marx's method as well, expressed in famous works such as The Communist Manifesto, Grundrisse, Das Kapital but most significantly in Preface to the Critique of Political Economy.

Returning to the UK in 1859, he published General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy in 1862, outlining the marginal utility theory of value, and A Serious Fall in the Value of Gold in 1863.

" The theory of utility above referred to, namely, that the degree of utility of a commodity is some continuous mathematical function of the quantity of the commodity available, together with the implied doctrine that economics is essentially a mathematical science, took more definite form in a paper on " A General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy ", written for the British Association in 1862.

The Classical economists took the theory of the determinants of the level and growth of population as part of Political Economy.

Ricardo sets this theory at the start of the first chapter of his " Principles of Political Economy and Taxation ".

Political process theory is similar to resource mobilization in many regards, but tends to emphasize a different component of social structure that is important for social movement development: political opportunities.

Political process theory argues that there are three vital components for movement formation: insurgent consciousness, organizational strength, and political opportunities.

Rawls presented the theory in the famous A Theory of Justice, subsequently revising it in Political Liberalism.

Roger Scruton, in his A Dictionary of Political Thought ( 1982 ), takes the theory underlying " Whig history " to be centrally concerned with social progress and reaction, with the progressives shown as victors and benefactors.

The theory of commodity fetishism is presented in the first chapter of Capital: Critique of Political Economy ( 1867 ), at the conclusion of the analysis of the value-form of commodities, to explain that the social organisation of labour is mediated through market exchange, the buying and the selling of commodities ( goods and services ).

* International Political Economy ( IPE ) is an interdisciplinary field comprising approaches to the actions of various actors.

This debate is still an important point of reference in Political science, although most scholars ' approaches fall between the two poles.

( 2004 ) " Popular Movements and Party Rule: The New York Anti-Rent Wars and the Jacksonian Political Order ," in Beyond the founders: new approaches to the political history of the early American republic / edited by Jeffrey L. Pasley, Andrew W. Robertson, and David Waldstreicher.

Established in 1982, originally as the Political Economy Research Center, PERC is dedicated to original research on market approaches to resolving environmental problems.

Political geography has extended the scope of traditional political science approaches by acknowledging that the exercise of power is not restricted to states and bureaucracies, but is part of everyday life.

Political map showing states which have officially recognized the Armenian Genocide.

Political theorists have identified two groupings within the Communist Party

Political leaders are known to have claimed actual divinity in certain early societies — the ancient Egyptian Pharaohs being the premier case — taking a role as objects of worship and being credited with superhuman status and powers.

Noam Chomsky argues in Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media that people in modern society consist of decision-makers and social participants who have to be made to agree.

Political tensions with neighboring countries like Peru over mining and other resources to support the growing population, and struggles between the growing urban mestizo population and indigenous peoples over land and resources have underlined the political struggles in recent years.

Political contacts between India and Afghanistan have increased in 2011, especially after the death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan.

Political scientist James McClellan, from the University of Virginia, considered Bacon to have had " a great following " in the American colonies.

Political organizations and writers, as well as Aristide himself, have suggested that the rebellion was in fact a foreign controlled coup d ' état.

Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption, natural disasters, and terrorism have slowed progress.

Political relations between Iraq and Syria have in the past seen difficulties, however, new diplomatic relations described by both sides as " Historic " were established in November 2006, beginning an era of close cooperation and political friendship between Iraq and Syria.

Though states ( or increasingly, international organizations ) are usually the only ones with standing to address a violation of international law, some treaties, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights have an optional protocol that allows individuals who have had their rights violated by member states to petition the international Human Rights Committee.

Political stability, good communications, easy access to other European centres, skilled multilingual staff, a tradition of banking secrecy and cross-border financial expertise have all contributed to the growth of the financial sector.

Political leaders continue to discuss plans to end this turmoil, but none of the talks have been successful.

Political analyst and former guerrilla León Valencia has estimated that FARC's numbers have been reduced to around 11, 000 from their 18, 000 peak but cautions against considering the group a defeated force.

Political differences tend to have their roots in the roles that groups and individuals played during the years of communist rule and the struggle for independence.

Political relations between Iraq and Syria have in the past seen difficulties, however, new diplomatic relations described by both sides as " Historic " were established in November 2006, beginning an era of close cooperation and political friendship between

According to The American Political Science Association, over the past 2004 presidential election, the women's vote may have well decided the outcome of the race.

Other states have enacted similar laws through a variety of legal means, including signing and ratifying or otherwise giving effect to key conventions such as the European Convention on Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Political considerations have now increased the number of standard time zones to 40.

Though many scholars have suggested that labor unions were leading figures in this coalition, no significant labor leaders attended the convention, with the exception of the heads of the Congress of Industrial Organizations Political Action Committee ( CIOPAC ), Jack Kroll and A. F.

Ashcraft and Goldsmith ( 1983 ) have traced in detail in the period 1689 to 1710 the major influence of the liberal political ideas of John Locke on Whig political values, as expressed in widely cited manifestos such as " Political Aphorisms: or, the True Maxims of Government Displayed ," an anonymous pamphlet that appeared in 1690 and was widely cited by Whigs.

Political Greens have social justice concerns that go beyond ecology and ecological issues and matters.

The claim for the women's vote appears to have been first made by Jeremy Bentham in 1817 when he published his Plan of Parliamentary Reform in the form of a Catechism and was taken up by William Thompson in 1825, when he published, with Anna Wheeler, An Appeal of One Half the Human Race, Women, Against the Pretensions of the Other Half, Men, to Retain Them in Political, and Thence in Civil and Domestic Slavery: In Reply to Mr. Mill's Celebrated Article on Government.

He was born Lionel Boyd Johnson in 1891 and attended the London School of Economics to study Political Science, only to have his education cut short by World War I.