Political tension increased, and two years later, in 50 BC, Caesar crossed the Rubicon, which precipitated the Roman civil war of 49 – 45 BC, which he won.

Political campaigns use wedge issues to exploit tension within a targeted population.

Political parties often face tension between the holders of marginal seats and safe seats.

Political tension soared.

Political polarization increased, and large mobilizations of both pro-and anti-government groups became frequent, often leading to clashes.

In 1989, he became member of the PZPR Political Bureau.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

Political instability began troubling the colony and revolts became commonplace.

" By the mid-1970s ," according to The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East, " the idea of Arab unity became less and less apparent in Arab politics, though it remained a wishful goal among the masses.

In 1805 he became Professor of History and Political Economy at the East India Company College ( now known as Haileybury ) in Hertfordshire.

It has been claimed that Paley was not a very original thinker and that the philosophical part of his treatise on ethics is “ an assemblage of ideas developed by others and is presented to be learned by students rather than debated by colleagues .” Nevertheless, his book The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy ( 1785 ) was a required text at Cambridge and Smith says that Paley ’ s writings were “ once as well known in American colleges as were the readers and spellers of William McGuffey and Noah Webster in the elementary schools .” Although now largely missing from the philosophical canon, Schneewind writes that " utilitarianism first became widely known in England through the work of William Paley.

In 1962, he became the chair of the Political Science Department at the University of Rochester, where he remained chair until 1977, and remained active until his death.

Political instability plagued the country until Miklós Horthy, a Hungarian nobleman and Austro-Hungarian naval officer, became regent in 1920.

Henry Hyde, who later became a U. S. Congressman, and Lou Barnett, who later became National Political Director of Ronald Reagan's Political Action Committee, also helped to found ALEC.

Katsura's brief reappointment again as Prime Minister again from 21 December 1912 to 20 February 1913 sparked widespread riots in what became known as the Taisho Political Crisis.

A few months after his arrival, possibly October 1924, he became deputy director of the Academy's Political Department, and later, possibly November 1924, director of the department.

Political opposition to the King gradually became centered around George Augustus and Caroline.

* c. 1985 BC: Political authority became less centralized in Ancient Egypt.

The GPU became the OGPU ( Joint State Political Directorate ), under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

Political instability, a declining South African interest in the islands as the apartheid regime was disassembled and other tropical tourism venues became more welcoming, and the need to import most construction materials and consumable supplies inhibited the growth of tourism, despite the islands ' physical beauty.

Meeting Gandhi a month later at the Gujarat Political Conference in Godhra, Patel became the secretary of the Gujarat Sabha — a public body which would become the Gujarati arm of the Indian National Congress — at Gandhi's encouragement.

Political corruption in Wilkes-Barre and Luzerne County became a major regional news story following nationwide publication of stories about the Kids for Cash scandal, a kickback scheme involving two local judges, Mark Ciavarella and Michael Conahan, charged with enriching themselves by investing in juvenile detention facilities to which they subsequently sentenced children under their judicial power.

Political eunuchism became a fully established institution among the Achamenide Persians.

Sauvé then became a founding member of the Institute of Political Research and was hired as a journalist and broadcaster with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's French-language broadcaster, Radio-Canada.

Political pamphlets became popular, often lampooning military leaders for political purposes.

Political, economic and military experts were all agreed that chaotic, mountainous little Laos was the last place in the world to fight a war -- and they were probably right.

Political opposition groups were splintered and the Contras began to experience defections, although United States aid maintained them as a viable military force.

__NOTOC__The current Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile, approved by Chilean voters in a controversial and tightly controlled plebiscite on September 11, 1980, under the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, partially effective March 11, 1981, fully effective 11 March 1990 and amended considerably on August 17, 1989 ( via referendum ) and on September 22, 2005 ( legislatively ), and also in 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, replaced the earlier constitution of 1925.

Political stability and instability both aided and distracted the economic revolution which transformed Honduras through the development of a plantation economy on the north coast, ultimately leading to military interventions from the United States.

This agreement led to the establishment of the Joint Political Military Group, which has since met regularly to " address " foreign military sales to Israel, joint exercises and simulations, and logistical arrangements.

Political chaos, several strikes, harsh relations with the church, and considerable economic problems aggravated by a disastrous military intervention in the First World War led to the military 28 May 1926 coup d ' état.

Political, military and civil actions were sanctioned by augury, historically performed by priests of the college of augurs and by haruspices on behalf of senior magistrates.

* Political history of the Roman military

Political ideologies are concerned with many different aspects of a society, some of which are: the economy, education, health care, labor law, criminal law, the justice system, the provision of social security and social welfare, trade, the environment, minors, immigration, race, use of the military, patriotism, and established religion.

Political factions in France blamed one another for the nation's defeat and military officials blamed the civilian leadership, all helping feed U. S. anxieties.

Political agitation in Ireland necessitated an increased military presence in the country, and in 1830 Sabine was recalled to military duty.

Political and military leader of History of the Republic of China | Nationalist China Chiang Kai-shek ( right ) meets with the Muslim Generals Ma Bufang ( second from left ), and Ma Buqing ( first from left ) in Xining, Qinghai at August 1942.

Political upheaval and Communist insurrection put an end to the monarchies of Indochina after World War II: a short-lived attempt to leave a monarchical form of government in post-colonial South Vietnam came to naught in 1955, a military coup overthrew the kingless monarchy in Cambodia in 1970 and a Communist takeover ended the monarchy in Laos in 1975.

The most important chain of command runs from the CMC to the four General Headquarters ( General Staff Department, General Political Department, General Logistic Department, General Armament Department ) and, in turn, to each of the service branches ( ground, navy and air forces ) and military regions.

Political or military executions were sometimes conducted in such a way that they evoked human sacrifice, whether deliberately or in the perception of witnesses ; for a gruesome example, see Marcus Marius Gratidianus.

* Son of Chinese leader and President Li Xiannian: Li Ping, high-ranking military official, daughter Li Xiaolin Vice-President of Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries, son in law Liu Yazhou ( husband of Li Xiaolin ) Political Commissar, National Defense University.

Political events, for example, when governments change due to regime change, monarchy collapse, military occupation, and coup may disrupt oil and gas production and create shortages.

In 1980, two inspectors of DOPS ( Department of Political and Social Order, an official police branch in charge of the political repression during the military regime ) were convicted by the Brazilian Justice as the armed men who had arrested the journalists in Lilian's apartment in Porto Alegre.

* Political officer ( military ), Occasionally, a synonym for political commissar

The council's original twenty-six members included former internal military leaders, former Political Bureau members, and senior officers of the Armée Nationale Populaire ( ANP, People's National Army ) closely associated with Boumédiènne in the coup.