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Polybius ' history renders the Roman god Mars by Greek Ares but the Roman god Quirinus by Enyalius, and the same identifications are made by later writers such as Dionysius of Halicarnassus, perhaps only because it made sense that a Roman god who was sometimes confounded with Mars and sometimes differentiated should be represented in Greek by a name that was similarly sometimes equated with Ares ( who definitely corresponded with Mars ) and was sometimes differentiated.
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Polybius and history
Polybius commented that the war was, at the time, the most destructive in terms of casualties in the history of warfare, including the battles of Alexander the Great.
Polybius is also credited for being the first historian to write a History of the World, and to offer argued explanations and interpretations of history facts, and not only a record of them.
Polybius, one of the first historians to attempt to present history as a sequence of causes and effects, carefully conducted his research — partly based on what he saw and partly on the communications of eye-witnesses and the participants in the events.
In the succeeding years, Polybius resided in Rome, completing his historical work while occasionally undertaking long journeys through the Mediterranean countries in the furtherance of his history, in particular with the aim of obtaining firsthand knowledge of historical sites.
In Book XII, Polybius discusses the worth of Timaeus ’ account of the same period of history.
Polybius was among the first historians to attempt to present history as a sequence of causes and effects, based upon a careful examination and criticism of tradition.
Peter Green suggests it would be well to remember Polybius was chronicling Rome's history for a Greek audience with the aim of convincing them of the necessity of accepting Roman rule – which he believed was inevitable.
Subsequent Greek historians — such as Ctesias, Diodorus, Strabo, Polybius and Plutarch — held up Thucydides ' writings as a model of truthful history.
In Rome, the vast, patriotic history of Rome by Livy ( 59 BC-17 AD ) approximated Herodotean inclusiveness ; Polybius ( c. 200-c. 118 BC ) aspired to combine the logical rigor of Thucydides with the scope of Herodotus.
Though the decline of the Roman Empire was the main subject which Zosimus selected, it was perhaps his ambition to imitate Polybius which led him to introduce various matters connected with Persian, Grecian, and Macedonian history, which are not very intimately connected with his main design.
This is viewed by military historians as one of the greatest battlefield maneuvers in history, and is cited as the first successful use of the pincer movement to have been recorded in detail by the Greek historian Polybius.
* Polybius ; The general history of Polybius, Volume 2 ; W. Baxter for J. Parker, 1823
Outstanding literary figures of the Hellenistic period were Menander, the chief representative of a newer type of comedy ; the poets Callimachus, Theocritus, and Apollonius Rhodius, author of the Argonautica ; and Polybius, who wrote a detailed history of the Mediterranean world.
Polybius first introduced into study the concept of military history.
He has a confused report on irrigation ( 3. 117 ), which may be compared to the statement of the second-century historian Polybius that the Persians had built large irrigation works ( World history 10. 28. 3 ).
The genre thus founded, drawing social conclusions, identified itself as " civil history ", and was influenced particularly by Polybius.
The general history of Polybius.
In 38 books it covered the history of Sicily and Italy to the year 264 BC, which is where Polybius began his work.
And certainly Polybius ' use of the predecessors of generals surviving that battle to record his history, is the natural work of a historian, and cannot be proof that Varro was held in high repute because he was missing from their accounts.
We learn from Polybius that Phylarchus was a contemporary of Aratus, and gave an account of the same events as the latter did in his history.
The credit of Phylarchus as an historian is vehemently attacked by Polybius, who charges him with falsifying history through his partiality to Cleomenes III, king of Sparta, and his hatred against Aratus and the Achaeans.
The style of Phylarchus is strongly censured by Polybius, who blames him for writing history for the purpose of effect, and for seeking to harrow up the feelings of his readers by the narrative of deeds of violence and horror.
Polybius and Roman
If one follows Polybius, the course of events was the following: Despite the Carthaginian pre-war naval advantage, the Roman landing was virtually unopposed.
Polybius ( c. 203 – 120 BC ) wrote on the rise of Rome to world prominence, and attempted to harmonize the Greek and Roman points of view.
As Polybius notes, " How much more serious was the defeat of Cannae, than those that preceded it can be seen by the behavior of Rome ’ s allies ; before that fateful day, their loyalty remained unshaken, now it began to waver for the simple reason that they despaired of Roman Power.
Polybius and Plutarch, a Greek author writing under the Roman empire, cite a battle at Mt.
Polybius describes the system for the distribution of watchwords in the Roman military as follows:
During the height of the Roman Empire, famous historians such as Polybius, Livy and Plutarch documented the rise of the Roman Republic, and the organization and histories of other nations, while statesmen like Julius Caesar, Cicero and others provided us with examples of the politics of the republic and Rome's empire and wars.
According to Polybius, Roman institutions were the backbone of the empire but Roman law is the medulla.
Polybius had the opportunity to return to Macedonia in 152 BC ; he elected to stay, however, in Rome, as by that time he had placed his allegiance in the Roman Republic.
Polybius ’ father, Lycortas, was a prominent advocate of neutrality during the Roman war against Perseus of Macedonia.
Following the destruction of Corinth in the same year, Polybius returned to Greece, making use of his Roman connections to lighten the conditions there.
In addition, Polybius wrote an extensive treatise entitled Tactics, which may have detailed Roman and Greek military tactics.
However, Greek-influenced Roman authors, such as Polybius and Cicero, sometimes also used the term as a translation for the Greek politeia which could mean regime generally, but could also be applied to certain specific types of regime which did not exactly correspond to that of the Roman Republic.
The Greek historian Polybius, writing more than a century before Livy, became one of the first to describe the emergence of the Roman Empire.
As Polybius had narrated the events by which the Roman Empire had reached its greatness, so Zosimus undertook the task of developing the events and causes which led to its decline ( i. 57 ).
Much of what is known of this century comes from the works of the Roman historian Polybius, whose main concern is the story of how Rome comes to dominate the known world.
* 203 BC – Polybius, Greek historian, famous for his book called " The Histories " or " The Rise of the Roman Empire ", covering in detail the period between 220 and 146 BC ( d. 120 BC )
* Polybius: The Rise of the Roman Empire at LacusCurtius
Due to his devotion to her, Messalina was able to manipulate Claudius into ordering the exile or execution of various people: the Roman philosopher Seneca the Younger ; Claudius ’ nieces Julia Livilla and Julia ; Marcus Vinicius ( husband of Julia Livilla ); consul Gaius Asinius Pollio II ( see Vipsania Agrippina ); the elder Poppaea Sabina ( mother of Empress Poppaea Sabina, second wife of Nero ); consul Decimus Valerius Asiaticus ; and Polybius.
* At Polybius ' request, Scipio Aemilianus manages to gain the support of the Roman statesman Cato the Elder ( whose son has married Scipio's sister Aemilia ) for a proposal to release ( and return to Greece ) the 300 Achaean internees who are still being held without trial after being deported to Rome in 167 BC.
* Polybius, Greek historian, famous for his book called " The Histories " or " The Rise of the Roman Empire ", covering in detail the period between 220 and 146 BC ( d. 120 BC )
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