" In a reference to the first known historical Boii, Polybius relates that their wealth consisted of cattle and gold, that they depended on agriculture and war, and that a man's status depended on the number of associates and assistants he had.

Strabo relates, taking his text from Polybius, " Pytheas asserts that he explored in person the whole northern region of Europe as far as the ends of the world.

Polybius relates: "... on his return thence ( from the north ), he traversed the whole of the coast of Europe from Gades to the Tanais.

According to Polybius, this army was partly composed of Ligurians, Celts and Iberians.

As the armies advanced on one another, Hannibal gradually extended the center of his line, as Polybius describes: " After thus drawing up his whole army in a straight line, he took the central companies of Hispanics and Celts and advanced with them, keeping the rest of them in contact with these companies, but gradually falling off, so as to produce a crescent-shaped formation, the line of the flanking companies growing thinner as it was prolonged, his object being to employ the Africans as a reserve force and to begin the action with the Hispanics and Celts.

Polybius, a Greek historian, wrote about co-existence of the Celts in northern Italy with Etruscan nations in the period before the Sack of Rome in 390 B. C.

Tylis ( Greek: Τύλις ) or Tyle was a capital of a short-lived Balkan state mentioned by Polybius that was founded by Celts led by Comontorios in the 3rd century BC, after their invasion of Thrace and Greece in 279 BC.

Written studies of the Celts, their cultures and their languages go back to classical Greek and Latin accounts, possibly beginning with Hecataeus in the 6th century BC and best known through such authors as Polybius, Posidonius, Pausanias, Diodorus Siculus, Julius Caesar and Strabo.

The archaeological evidence from Bologna and its vicinity contradicts the testimony of Polybius and Livy on some points, who say the Boii expelled the Etruscans and perhaps some were forced to leave.

According to Polybius, Roman institutions were the backbone of the empire but Roman law is the medulla.

Lycortas attracted the suspicion of the Romans, and Polybius subsequently was one of the 1, 000 Achaean nobles who were transported to Rome as hostages in 167 BC, and was detained there for 17 years.

When the Achaean hostages were released in 150 BC, Polybius was granted leave to return home, but the next year he went on campaign with Scipio Aemilianus to Africa, and was present at the capture of Carthage, which he later described.

The geographical works of Dicaearchus were, according to Strabo, criticised in many respects by Polybius ; and Strabo himself is dissatisfied with his descriptions of western and northern Europe, where Dicaearchus had never visited.

The significant historians in the period after Alexander were Timaeus, Polybius, Diodorus Siculus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Appian of Alexandria, Arrian, and Plutarch.

Livy mentions that other sources claim 32, 000 Macedonians were killed and even one writer who due to " boundless exaggeration " claims 40, 000 but concludes that Polybius is the trustworthy source on this matter.

Another extraordinary usage of siege-mining in the ancient Greece, where during Philip V of Macedon's siege of the little town of Prinassos, according to Polybius, " the ground around the town were extremely rocky and hard, making any siege-mining virtually impossible.

Varro lacked the powerful descendants that Paullus had: descendants who were willing and able to protect his reputation — most notably, Paullus was the grandfather of Scipio Aemilianus, the patron of Polybius.

As Polybius wrote, " the maniples were nearer each other, or the intervals were decreased ... and the maniples showed more depth than front.

Polybius claims that, " as their outer ranks were continually cut down, and the survivors forced to pull back and huddle together, they were finally all killed where they stood.

Polybius writes that of the Roman and allied infantry, 70, 000 were killed, 10, 000 captured, and " perhaps " 3, 000 survived.

Niccolò Machiavelli attempted to address Vegetius ' defects in his L ' arte della Guerra ( Florence, 1521 ), with heavy use of Polybius, Frontinus and Livy, but Justus Lipsius ' accusation that he confused the institutions of diverse periods of the Roman Empire and G. Stewechius ' opinion that the survival of Vegetius ' work led to the loss of his named sources were more typical of the late Renaissance.

Outstanding literary figures of the Hellenistic period were Menander, the chief representative of a newer type of comedy ; the poets Callimachus, Theocritus, and Apollonius Rhodius, author of the Argonautica ; and Polybius, who wrote a detailed history of the Mediterranean world.

Niccolò Machiavelli attempted to address Vegetius's defects in his L ' arte della Guerra ( Florence, 1521 ), with heavy use of Polybius, Frontinus and Livy, but Justus Lipsius ' accusation that he confused the institutions of diverse periods of the Roman Empire and G. Stewechius ' opinion that the survival of Vegetius ' work led to the loss of his named sources were more typical of the late Renaissance.

Before then, says Polybius, " These plains were anciently inhabited by Etruscans ", before the Gauls took the entire Po valley from them.

Although Polybius says the Etruscans were expelled, he meant perhaps selectively, as Etruscan culture continued in the area until assimilated to the Roman.

The Manuscript Tradition of Polybius by John Michael Moore ( CUP, 1965 ) provides a useful summary of Porphyrogenitus ' commission of the Constantine Excerpts: " He felt that the historical studies were being seriously neglected, mainly because of the bulk of the histories.

The dissertations not embodied in his work were collected by himself and ( after his death ) by his pupil, Camille Jullian, and published as volumes of miscellanies: Recherches sur quelques problèmes d ' Histoire ( 1885 ), dealing with the Roman colonate, the land system in Normandy ; the Germanic mark, and the judiciary organization in the kingdom of the Franks ; Nouvelles recherches sur quelques problèmes d ' histoire ( 1891 ); and Questions historiques ( 1893 ), which contains his paper on Chios and his thesis on Polybius.

Polybius, the Greek historian, says there were about 50 elephants, a Numidian cavalry, and mercenaries.

Polybius says that for two months, the two enemies were stationed close together outside the city without any direct conflict.

The crux of the problem is that there is no contemporaneous account of the conflict ; writers such as Polybius, who might have met persons whose grandparents participated in the conflict, do not mention it, while the writers who do speak of the conflict, such as Livy or Cicero, report fact and fable equally readily, and invariably assume that there were no fundamental changes in Roman institutions in nearly 500 years.

Polybius reports that Gaius Laelius, a close friend of the young Scipio since boyhood, " narrated " ( apparently in person ) that his friend, " Having, it is likely, his 17th year " ( age 16 if one does not count the birth year ) and " having entered the field for the first time " ( that is, on campaign or on expedition ) and " his father having assigned to him a turma of top cavalrymen " ( about 30 veterans ) performed his first " remarkable exploit " in the " cavalry engagement " against Hannibal " in the vicinity of the Po.

The author claims to have consulted all the best authorities, the most important of which was a lost treatise on the subject by Polybius.

According to the historian Polybius, considerable debate took place in Rome on the question of whether to accept the Mamertines ' appeal for help, and thus likely enter into a war with Carthage.

* Polybius on the First Punic War

Polybius ( c. 203 – 120 BC ) wrote on the rise of Rome to world prominence, and attempted to harmonize the Greek and Roman points of view.

Polybius, one of the first historians to attempt to present history as a sequence of causes and effects, carefully conducted his research — partly based on what he saw and partly on the communications of eye-witnesses and the participants in the events.

The fired rockfall event is mentioned only by Livy ; Polybius is mute on the subject and there is no evidence of carbonized rock at the only two-tier rockfall in the Western Alps, located below the Col de la Traversette ( Mahaney, 2008 ).

According to Pausanias and the Greek historian Polybius, an inscribed pillar ( stele ) was erected near the altar of Zeus on Mt.

The last link is supplied by Strabo, who says that an emporium on the island of Corbulo in the mouth of the Loire was associated with the Britain of Pytheas by Polybius.

Polybius adds that Pytheas said he traversed the whole of Britain on foot, of which he, Polybius, is skeptical.

As the former tutor of Scipio Aemilianus, Polybius remained on cordial terms with his former pupil and remained a counselor to vanquisher of the Carthaginians in the Third Punic War.

The substance of Polybius ’ work is based on historical information and conveys his role as a historian.

In fact, observations made by Polybius, in conjunction with passages from Strabo and Scylax, allowed the discovery of the location of the lost city of Kydonia on Crete.

Polybius expanded on many of these ideas, again focusing on the idea of mixed government.

Polybius exerted a great influence on Cicero as he wrote his politico-philosophical works in the 1st century BC.

* ( 44 ) De Consolatione ad Polybium ( To Polybius, On consolation ) – Consoling him on his missing son

), and for later writers, Polybius, Josephus, the Chronicon Paschale, George Syncellus, George Hamartolus, and so on.