* 1920 – In Rome, Pope Benedict XV canonizes Joan of Arc.

Pope Joan was a legendary female Pope who allegedly reigned for a few years some time during the Middle Ages.

A medieval artistic rendition of Pope Joan with a papal tiara.

" Pope Joan has been associated with marvelous happenings.

1495-1527 ), in a work falsely attributed to Petrarch ( 1304 – 74 ), wrote in his Chronica de le Vite de Pontefici et Imperadori Romani that after Pope Joan had been revealed as a woman:

After the Dark Age and Medieval chroniclers, various Protestant writers took up the Pope Joan legend in their anti-Catholic writings.

In 1675, a book appeared in English entitled A Present for a Papist: Or the Life and Death of Pope Joan, Plainly Proving Out of the Printed Copies, and Manscriptes of Popish Writers and Others, That a Woman called JOAN, Was Really POPE of ROME, and Was There Deliver'd of a Bastard Son in the Open Street as She Went in Solemn Procession.

The book describes, among other stories, an account of the purported Pope Joan giving birth to a son in plain view of all those around, accompanied by a detailed engraving showing a rather surprised looking baby peeking out from under the Pope's robes.

Most modern scholars dismiss Pope Joan as a Medieval legend.

The tract applied humanist techniques of textual criticism to the Pope Joan legend, with the broader intent of supplying sound historical principles to ecclesiastical history, and the legend began to come apart, detail by detail.

The legend of Pope Joan was " effectively demolished " by David Blondel, a mid-17th century Protestant historian, who suggested that Pope Joan's tale may have originated in a satire against Pope John XI, who died in his early 20s.

The 16th-century Italian historian Onofrio Panvinio, commenting on one of Bartolomeo Platina's works that refer to Pope Joan, theorized that the story of Pope Joan may have originated from tales of Pope John XII ; John reportedly had many mistresses, including one called Joan, who was very influential in Rome during his pontificate.

Rosemary and Darroll Pardoe, authors of The Female Pope: The Mystery of Pope Joan, theorize that if a female pope did exist, a more plausible time frame is 1086 and 1108, when there were several Antipopes ; during this time the reign of the legitimate Popes Victor III, Urban II, and Paschal II was not always established in Rome, since the city was occupied by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and later sacked by the Normans.

In 1679 Pope Innocent XI publicly condemned sixty-five of the more radical propositions ( stricti mentalis ), taken chiefly from the writings of Escobar, Suarez and other casuists as propositiones laxorum moralistarum and forbade anyone to teach them under penalty of excommunication.

Sciarra, apparently, smacked the Pope publicly in his face.

But when Savonarola publicly accused Pope Alexander VI of corruption, he was banned from speaking in public.

He was created a cardinal in pectore on 22 December 1536 by Pope Paul III ( at the same time as Reginald Pole ), which was published ( i. e., publicly announced ) only on 13 March 1538, at which time he was able to assume that office.

* Martin Luther's German translation of the Bible is publicly burned by order of the Pope.

Pope John Paul II felt that, “ de facto free unions, i. e., those unions without any publicly recognized institutional bond, are an increasing concern .” As for the Jewish perspective, “ For example, normative Judaism forcefully rejects the claim that never marrying is an equally valid lifestyle to marriage.

This meant that the Pope could have announced the appointment publicly at some future time.

He engaged in extensive disputations with Roman Catholic theologians, and even as a student he challenged a Jesuit relative, Henry Fitzsimon ( Ussher's mother was Catholic ), to dispute publicly the identification of the Pope with the Antichrist.

However at the conclusion of the disastrous war with Philip II of Spain and after many scandals, in 1559 the Pope publicly disgraced his nephews and banished them from Rome.

J. Barmby, Hormisdas made several demands: ( 1 ) The emperor should publicly announce his acceptance of the council of Chalcedon and the letters of Pope Leo ; ( 2 ) the Eastern bishops should make a similar public declaration, and in addition anathematize Nestorius, Eutyches, Dioscorus, Aelurus, Peter Mongus, Peter the Fuller, and Acacius, with all their followers ; ( 3 ) everyone exiled in this dispute should be recalled and their cases reserved for the judgment of the Apostolic See ; ( 4 ) those exiles who had been in communion with Rome and professed Catholicism should first be recalled ; and ( 5 ) bishops accused of having persecuted the orthodox should be sent to Rome to be judged.

Despite many international appeals, including from Pope Paul VI and the governments of France, Belgium and Canada, to persuade the Syrian government to commute the death sentence, he was publicly hanged by Syria on 18 May 1965.

Lefebvre insisted that priests publicly affirm their allegiance to Pope John Paul II, which the sedevacantists among them, including nine American priests, including Dolan, refused.

35 ), Anatolius publicly condemned the teachings not only of Eutyches, but also those of Nestorius, subscribing to the letters of Cyril against Nestorius and of Pope Leo I against Eutyches ( Leo, Epp.

Pope Felix insisted that heretics and favourers of heresy should not be prayed for publicly ; Euphemius repeated his attempts at reconciliation to Pope Gelasius I, but the problem of his predecessors remained ; Euphemius could not remove their names from the diptychs without causing embarrassment or insult to those they had baptized and ordained.

However, he subsequently forbade Williamson from speaking out publicly about historical or political matters, and asked Pope Benedict for forgiveness for the damage done by Williamson's statements.

He visited the Pope in December 2007 and publicly acknowledged France's Christian roots, while highlighting the importance of freedom of thought, hinting that faith should come back into the public sphere.

In December 1919, Pope Benedict XV publicly announced his support for Save the Children, and declared December 28 ' Innocents Day ' in order to collect donations

In a 2009 editorial, the journal accused Pope Benedict XVI of publicly distorting scientific evidence on condoms to promote Catholic doctrine on chastity in AIDS prevention.

Indeed, seldom has a poet been as publicly acknowledged as a leader for as long as was Pope, and, unlike the case with figures such as John Dryden or William Wordsworth, a second generation did not emerge to eclipse his position.

According to the late historian Jacob Rader Marcus, Franks publicly defended the right of a protester to compare King George III of England to the Pope and call him a fool, and Franks was jailed and held for 16 days.

Like Torquemada, Deza was accused of being overzealous in his work, and of showing excessive cruelty – his reputation was sufficient that in 1507, the Pope was forced to publicly request moderation.

As silly as it may sound in retrospect, at the time the governor publicly theorized that the monks of St. Leo Abbey near Tampa ( many of whom were either German-Americans or German immigrants ) were planning to arm Florida's African American community for a popular revolt in favor of Kaiser Wilhelm II, after which Pope Benedict XV ( a well documented pacifist, who was Italian, not German ) would take over Florida and move the Holy See to nearby San Antonio and close all of the Protestant churches.

In 1997, Pope made headlines when he publicly criticized Premier Harris, accusing the government of demonizing teachers and supporting the teachers ' strike against Harris's Bill 160 ( the " Education Quality Improvement Act ") which removed the ability of collective bargaining agreements to regulate working conditions for teachers, introduced teacher testing and allowed the government to increase class sizes and reduce preparation time.

2, " Romani "), made them Referendaries of Favours, and after three years of service, Referendaries of Justice, enjoying the privileges of Referendaries and permitting one to assist in the signatures before the Pope, giving all a right to a portion in the papal palace and exempting them from the registration of favours as required by Pius IV ( Const., 98 ) with regard to matters pertaining to the Apostolic Chamber.

Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who are made cardinals.

Entering the service of Eberhard, prince-bishop of Liège, he was sent by that prelate on a mission to Rome, where Pope Leo X retained him, giving him ( 1519 ) the office of librarian of the Vatican.

John appears to have been playing for time until Pope Innocent III could send letters giving him explicit papal support.

Though Spain and the Emperor Rudolf II encouraged Alfonso II's illegitimate cousin, Cesare d ' Este, to withstand the Pope, they were deterred from giving him any material aid by Henry IV's threats, and a papal army entered Ferrara almost unopposed.

Pope Benedict XVI's encyclical Deus Caritas Est ( God is Love ) of 2006 refers to Song of Songs in both its literal and allegorical meaning, stating that erotic love ( eros ) and self-donating love ( agape ) is shown there as the two halves of true love, which is both giving and receiving.

The University of Glasgow was founded in 1451 AD by a charter or papal bull from Pope Nicholas V, at the suggestion of King James II, giving Bishop William Turnbull permission to add the university to the city's cathedral.

* July 7 – Charles VII of France issues the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, giving the French church control over the appointment of bishops and depriving the Pope of French ecclesiastical revenues.

Albert had been responsible for giving a rule to the Humiliati during his long tenure as Bishop of Vercelli, and was well-versed in diplomacy, being sent by Pope Innocent III as Papal Legate to what was known as the Eastern Province.

Vatican Bank was Banco Ambrosiano's main shareholder, and the death of Pope John Paul I in 1978 is rumored to be linked to the Ambrosiano scandal, giving one of the subplots of The Godfather Part III.

Kolbe's recognition as a Christian martyr also created some controversy within the Catholic Church, in that, while his ultimate self-sacrifice of his life was most certainly saintly and heroic, he was not killed strictly speaking out of odium Fidei ( i. e., out of hatred for the Faith ), but as a result of an act of Christian charity, which the Servant of God Pope Paul VI himself had recognized at his beatification by naming him a confessor and giving him the unofficial title " martyr of charity ".

Pope Urban IV determined to wrench the Kingdom from him, and in 1263, concluded a secret treaty with Charles of Anjou, giving him the Sicilian throne.

The repression succeeded, and the new Pope Constantine visited Constantinople in 710, giving in to some of the Emperor's demands and restoring relations between the Emperor and the Papacy.

However, with growth in the number of those attending the Pope, the screen was moved giving a reduced area for the faithful laity.

Pope Gregory I, who gave his name to the musical repertory and may himself have been a composer, is usually claimed to be the originator of the musical portion of the liturgy in its present form, though the sources giving details on his contribution date from more than a hundred years after his death.

Interstate 40 added vitality to Atkins when the section of the interstate through Pope County opened in September 1968, giving Atkins access where the thoroughfare traverses State Highway 105.

In reaction, Coke decided to bring charges of treason against Devereux, saying that he had " plotted and practised with the Pope and king of Spain for the deposing and selling of himself as well as the crown of England ... His permitting underhand that treasonable book of Henry IV to be printed and published ; it being plainly deciphered, not only by the matter, and by the epistle itself, for what end and for whose behalf it was made, but also the Earl himself being present so often at the playing thereof, and with great applause giving countenance to it ".

Pope Paul III attempted to regain Piacenza ; he set aside Ottavio's claims to the succession of Parma, where he appointed a papal legate, giving him back Camerino in exchange, and then claimed Piacenza from the emperor — not for the Farnese, but for the Church.

A modern staircase, on the site of an ancient one, was built by Pope Damasus I, giving access to the region of the Popes, in which is to be found the crypt of the popes, where nine pontiffs and, perhaps, eight representatives of the ecclesiastical hierarchy had been buried-along its walls are the original Greek inscriptions for the pontiffs Pontian, Anterus, Fabian, Lucius I and Eutychian.

In a region further from there is the burial of Pope Cornelius, whose tomb still has its original inscription giving him the title of martyr and, on its sides, splendid paintings with figures in 7th and 8th century Byzantine style representing popes Sixtus II and Cornelius and the African bishops Cyprian and Ottatus.

*“ His Holiness was moved to receive this accolade from the people of Bethlehem and paid special attention to the message of the passport .” On giving the Bethlehem Passport to Pope Benedict XVI.

George was also instructed to encourage Francis into giving Henry more support, and following a lengthy debate George succeeded in obtaining a letter from Francis asking the Pope to concede to Henry's wishes.

He returned to Spain in 1465 carrying an " executive " letter from the Pope giving him possession of the first vacant benefice.