The reform-minded Pope Gregory VII was determined to oppose such practices, leading to the Investiture Controversy with King Henry IV ( r. 1056 – 1106 ), who repudiated the Pope's interference and persuaded his bishops to excommunicate the Pope, whom he famously addressed by his born name " Hildebrand ", rather than his divine name " Pope Gregory VII ".

He was repudiated by Pope Pius VI, and in 1791 had to give up the biretta.

When this Church withdrew from the Roman Catholic Church, it repudiated the authority of the Pope and such doctrines, customs and practices as were inconsistent with the Word of God, sound learning and a good conscience.

Meanwhile, the Pope repudiated the " jurors " who had signed the oath, especially bishops who had ordained new, elected clergy, and above all Bishop Louis-Alexandre Expilly de la Poipe.

The Protestants proclaimed their determination to adhere to the terms of the Augsburg Confession, and, in addition, formally repudiated the authority of the Roman pontiff and " would admit no other judge of the controversy than Jesus Christ "; both Pope Paul III and Luther predicted failure.

He later repudiated this bride, and was granted an annulment by Pope Clement VI in December 1344 on the grounds that he had been underaged and unwilling.

Although Henry was restored to the Church, any expectations that the Pope would restore support of Henry's right to the throne were soon dashed: in March, a small group of powerful Saxon and South German territorial magnates, including the archbishops of Salzburg, Mainz and Magdeburg and several bishops, met at Forchheim and, on the assumption that Henry had irretrievably lost the imperial dignity, repudiated the Salian dynasty's claim to pass the imperial crown by heredity and, in the words of Bruno of Merseburg, present in his bishop's entourage, declared " that the son of a king, even if he should be preeminently worthy, should become king by a spontaneous election ".

The ascetic Pope Paschal II's solution of the Investiture Controversy in his radical Concordat of 1111 with the Emperor, repudiated by the cardinals, was that the ecclesiastics of Germany should surrender to the imperial crown their fiefs and secular offices.

He repudiated his wife and married her, and they were excommunicated by the Pope.

Bishops were in agreement over the articles until the Pope disapproved and then Becket repudiated his arguments.

In 1077 Hugh married Gersent, mistress of Geoffroy de Mayenne She was a daughter of Robert Guiscard, but after discovering he could not manage her either he repudiated her, was promptly excommunicated by Pope Urban and died childless.

And Sam thanked her, and hoped he might meet her nephew back home, and asked her if she had any further news of the Pope.

According to Asser, because of Pope Marinus ’ friendship with King Alfred, the pope granted an exemption to any Anglo-Saxons residing within Rome from tax or tribute.

After being excommunicated for his audacities by Pope Honorius III, Afonso II promised to make amends to the church, but he died in 1223 before making any serious attempts to do so.

In 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas, granting Afonso V the right to reduce " Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers " to hereditary slavery.

" He points to the fact that the Pope claims universal jurisdiction and he therefore argues that " it would be intolerable to have, as the sovereign of a Protestant and free country, one who owes any allegiance to the head of any other state " and contends that if such situation came about " we will have undone centuries of common law.

Each bishop within the Latin Rite is answerable directly to the Pope and not any other bishop except to metropolitans in certain oversight instances.

An example of this secular politicization is seen when Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor supported Pope Benedict IX, the most corrupt of any of the popes of the era.

" The attempt by some twentieth-century Catholic theologians to present the Eucharistic change as an alteration of significance ( transignification rather than transubstantiation ) was rejected by Pope Paul VI in his 1965 encyclical letter Mysterium fidei In his 1968 Credo of the People of God, he reiterated that any theological explanation of the doctrine must hold to the twofold claim that, after the consecration, 1 ) Christ's body and blood are really present ; and 2 ) bread and wine are really absent ; and this presence and absence is real and not merely something in the mind of the believer.

Pope Eugenius III did not, as Eleanor had hoped, grant an annulment ; instead, he attempted to reconcile Eleanor and Louis, confirming the legality of their marriage, and proclaiming that no word could be spoken against it, and that it might not be dissolved under any pretext.

In the belief that the revolt had been successful, Pope Pius V issued a bull in 1570, titled Regnans in Excelsis, which declared " Elizabeth, the pretended Queen of England and the servant of crime " to be excommunicate and a heretic, releasing all her subjects from any allegiance to her.

In any case, the Pope de facto accepted the reinstatement of Photius as Patriarch.

Patriarch Athenagoras I stated his full agreement with Pope Paul VI: “ He could not have spoken in any other way .”

Generally, Lollards did not believe any particular Pope was the antichrist.

The title " Pope " was from the early 3rd century an honorific designation used for any bishop in the West.

Though his absence from the 1958 conclave did not make him ineligible – under Canon Law any Catholic male may be elected – the College of Cardinals usually chose the new Pope from among themselves.

After World War II, Pius XII appointed more non-Italians than any Pope before him.

This statue had never been mentioned by any earlier writer anywhere ; presumably it was an actual statue that came to be taken to be of the female Pope.

The Oxford Dictionary of Popes acknowledges that this legend was widely believed for centuries, even among Catholic circles, but declares that there is " no contemporary evidence for a female Pope at any of the dates suggested for her reign ," and goes on to say that " the known facts of the respective periods make it impossible to fit female Pope in ".

He vehemently asserted his own authority as Patriarch over that of the Pope in Rome, and would have made the most of any scandal of that time regarding the Papacy ; but he never mentions the story once in any of his voluminous writings.

A problem sometimes connected to the Pope Joan legend is the fact that there is no Pope John XX in any list.

The next day, and contrary to the usual customs, Honorius was quickly buried without any pomp or ceremony in the monastery, as the hand-picked cardinals got around to electing Gregorio Papareschi, who took the name Pope Innocent II.

From the 980s, Gerbert of Aurillac ( later, Pope Sylvester II ) used his position to spread knowledge of the numerals in Europe.

Pope John VIII: John, of English extraction, was born at Mentz ( Mainz ) and is said to have arrived at Popedom by evil art ; for disguising herself like a man, whereas she was a woman, she went when young with her paramour, a learned man, to Athens, and made such progress in learning under the professors there that, coming to Rome, she met with few that could equal, much less go beyond her, even in the knowledge of the scriptures ; and by her learned and ingenious readings and disputations, she acquired so great respect and authority that upon the death of Pope Leo IV ( as Martin says ) by common consent she was chosen Pope in his room.

In the case of a certain Hugh whom the chapter of Chartres had elected bishop, he withheld his approbation because the bishop-elect did not possess sufficient knowledge, quum pateretur in litteratura defectum, as the Pope stated in a letter dated 8 January 1219.

" In this text called The Grimoire of Pope Honorius, he supposedly discusses the value of occult knowledge in the Church, and how by summoning or raising demonic entities, one could learn to control them.

Pope John Paul II personally endorsed Dominus Iesus, and ratified and confirmed it " with sure knowledge and by his apostolic authority " ( a formal sentence used at the beginning or at the point of signature of an official document ).

Broadcast in two series, it starred David Swift as Prince Ludovico, the ambitious and henpecked ruler of Monte Guano ( the smallest and most inconsequential city-state in Renaissance Italy ), Siân Phillips as his wife Princess Plethora, Graham Crowden as Francesco ( Ludovico's perpetually drunken secretary ), Saskia Wickham as Countess Rosalie ( Ludovico's mistress Plethora's full knowledge and approval ), and as Ludovico's perpetually squabbling sons: Nick Romero as the overly religious Salvatore ( whose ambition is to become Pope some day ), Paul Bigley as Allesandro ( an eternally hopeful would-be artist and inventor ) and Christopher Kellen as Guido ( a fierce follower of Martin Luther ).

In modern times, Pope John Paul II called at times for restraining the sciences to work strictly within a Christian ethical framework, and respect the boundaries between what is known by faith versus reason-his " Fides et Ratio " and " Gospel of Life " make some points in common with Al-Faruqi, calling likewise for strong ethical limits and a curtailment of curiosity or " knowledge for knowledge's sake ".

Later Western references, which condemn the work, such as Jerome and Decretum Gelasianum, traditionally connected to Pope Gelasius I, are apparently based upon the judgment of Eusebius, not upon a direct knowledge of the text.

It is commonly stated that Pope Boniface VIII instituted the first Christian Jubilee in the year 1300, and it is certain that this is the first celebration of which we have any precise record, but it is also certain that the idea of solemnizing a fiftieth anniversary was familiar to medieval writers, no doubt through their knowledge of the Bible, long before that date.

Journalist Michelangelo Signorile, who describes Spellman as " one of the most notorious, powerful and sexually voracious homosexuals in the American Catholic Church's history ", reported that Cooney's manuscript, The American Pope, initially contained interviews with several people with personal knowledge of Spellman's homosexuality, including researcher and historian C. A. Tripp.

In Rome the Pope in 1864 decreed that it was an error that " reason is the ultimate standard by which man can and ought to arrive at knowledge " and an error that " divine revelation is imperfect " in the Bible — and anyone maintaining those errors was to be " anathematized " — and in 1888 decreed as follows: " The fundamental doctrine of rationalism is the supremacy of the human reason, which, refusing due submission to the divine and eternal reason, proclaims its own independence .... A doctrine of such character is most hurtful both to individuals and to the State ....

In 1322 Pope John XXII insisted that no one bound in marriage — even if unconsummated — could be ordained unless there was full knowledge of the requirements of Church law.

On May 6, 2001 Pope John Paul II, the first pope to pray in a mosque, delivered an address at Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, saying: " It is important that Muslims and Christians continue to explore philosophical and theological questions together, in order to come to a more objective and comprehensive knowledge of each other's religious beliefs.

Eden wants to die, Driscoll wants to be Pope and Dominic wanted the financial resources to pursue arcane knowledge.

One of the nuns was accused of selling her soul to the Devil, carrying Communion bread outside the church, and having carnal knowledge with men ; the other was charged with speaking blasphemously of the Pope.

The Vatican's role in the massacre came under particular scrutiny following the publication of Robert Katz's first book, Death in Rome ( 1967 ), in which he speculated that Pope Pius XII had advance knowledge of the Nazi orders and did little to forestall it.

Based on this argument, in 1902 W. W. Lawrence concluded that the poem was a “ wholly secular poem revealing the mixed emotions of an adventurous seaman who could not but yield to the irresistible fascination for the sea in spite of his knowledge of its perils and hardships ” ( Pope, 222 ).

All of the map's copies passed out of public knowledge after 1574, and the map was largely forgotten – perhaps because only a few copies were printed and because Pope Paul III asserted a 10-year " copyright.

Pope Paul V invited him to refute the errors of James I of England, and wished to retain him near his person, to profit by his knowledge.

Pope Leo XIII, for instance, referred to longstanding Christian thought that scriptural interpretations could be reevaluated in the light of new knowledge, and Roman Catholics came around to acceptance of human evolution subject to direct creation of the soul.

Pope defended the hiring, explaining that the worker had resigned without admitting guilt and that he was a hard worker with knowledge about the area.

" His specialist subject was Pope John Paul II on which he scored 17 points, for a total of 28 points after general knowledge to win his heat.