According to Cicero, the Roman philosopher who was writing in the first century BC, Posidonius constructed a planetary model.

Posidonius completed his higher education in Athens, where he was a student of the aged Panaetius, the head of the Stoic school.

Posidonius was celebrated as a polymath throughout the Graeco-Roman world because he came near to mastering all the knowledge of his time, similar to Aristotle and Eratosthenes.

For Posidonius, philosophy was the dominant master art and all the individual sciences were subordinate to philosophy, which alone could explain the cosmos.

Although a firm Stoic, Posidonius was, like Panaetius and other Stoics of the middle period, eclectic.

In about 90 BCE Posidonius estimated the distance to the sun ( see astronomical unit ) to be 9, 893 times the Earth's radius, which was still too small by half.

While translating stadia into modern units of distance is problematic, as an ancient stadium could measure anywhere from about 157 to around 211 meters, it is generally thought that the stadium used by Posidonius was almost exactly 1 / 10 of a modern statute mile, near the middle of the ancient range.

Posidonius was informed in his approach to finding the Earth's circumference by Eratosthenes, who a century earlier used the elevation of the sun at different latitudes to arrive at a figure of 250, 000 stadia ( which he rounded to 252, 000 so that it would be divisible by 60 ).

Posidonius was, however, wrong about the cause.

Posidonius was one of the first people to attempt to prove Euclid's fifth postulate of geometry.

In addition to his writings on geometry, Posidonius was credited for creating some mathematical definitions, or for articulating views on technical terms, for example ' theorem ' and ' problem '.

For Posidonius " history " extended beyond the earth into the sky ; humanity was not isolated each in its own political history, but was a part of the cosmos.

Of Posidonius's work on tactics, The Art of War, the Greek historian Arrian complained that it was written ' for experts ', which suggests that Posidonius may have had first hand experience of military leadership or, perhaps, utilized knowledge he gained from his acquaintance with Pompey.

In his own era, his writings on almost all the principal divisions of philosophy made Posidonius a renowned international figure throughout the Graeco-Roman world and he was widely cited by writers of his era, including Cicero, Livy, Plutarch, Strabo ( who called Posidonius " the most learned of all philosophers of my time "), Cleomedes, Seneca the Younger, Diodorus Siculus ( who used Posidonius as a source for his Bibliotheca historia Library "), and others.

Although his ornate and rhetorical style of writing passed out of fashion soon after his death, Posidonius was acclaimed during his life for his literary ability and as a stylist.

Posidonius was the major source of materials on the Celts of Gaul and was profusely quoted by Timagenes, Julius Caesar, the Sicilian Greek Diodorus Siculus, and the Greek geographer Strabo.

Posidonius met Pompey when he was Rhodes's ambassador in Rome and Pompey visited him in Rhodes twice, once in 66 BCE during his campaign against the pirates and again in 62 BCE during his eastern campaigns, and asked Posidonius to write his biography.

The King Luernios was mentioned in writing by the Greek ethnographer Posidonius.

This peak was formerly designated Posidonius Gamma ( γ ).

* Posidonius, Greek philosopher, astronomer and geographer ( 51 BC ) ( b. c. 135 BC )

* Posidonius of Apamea, Greek philosopher, astronomer, geographer

* Posidonius of Apamea, Greek Stoic philosopher and scientist ( d. 51 BC )

Posidonius ( Greek: Ποσειδώνιος / Poseidonios, meaning " of Poseidon ") " of Apameia " ( ὁ Ἀπαμεύς ) or " of Rhodes " ( ὁ Ῥόδιος ) ( ca.

Along with other Greek intellectuals, Posidonius favored Rome as the stabilizing power in a turbulent world.

Although little is known of the organization of his school, it is clear that Posidonius had a steady stream of Greek and Roman students.

* Stoicism: Zeno of Citium, Cleanthes, Chrysippus, Crates of Mallus ( brought Stoicism to Rome c. 170 BCE ), Panaetius, Posidonius, Seneca ( Roman ), Epictetus ( Greek / Roman ), Marcus Aurelius ( Roman )

Six classical Greek authors also came to identify these mythical people at the back of the North Wind with their Celtic neighbours in the north: Antimachus of Colophon, Protarchus, Heraclides Ponticus, Hecataeus of Abdera, Apollonius of Rhodes and Posidonius of Apamea.

Well known eclectics in Greek philosophy were the Stoics Panaetius and Posidonius, and the New Academics Carneades and Philo of Larissa.

( Two motifs in this story, the champion's portion and the beheading challenge, are mentioned by the Greek writer Posidonius as practices of the ancient Celts.

* Posidonius, famous ancient Greek astronomer and geographer

Asclepiodotus Tacticus (; 1st century BC ) was a Greek writer and philosopher, and a pupil of Posidonius.

Written studies of the Celts, their cultures and their languages go back to classical Greek and Latin accounts, possibly beginning with Hecataeus in the 6th century BC and best known through such authors as Polybius, Posidonius, Pausanias, Diodorus Siculus, Julius Caesar and Strabo.

The sources of the Aetna are Posidonius of Apamea, and perhaps the pseudo-Aristotelian De Mundo, while there are many reminiscences of Lucretius.

Most pagan writers probably never read the History directly, and appear to be dependent on Posidonius of Apamea ( 135-50 BC ), who cited Berossos in his works.

Plutarch relates several opinions on the end of C. Marius: one, from Posidonius, holds that Marius contracted pleurisy ; Gaius Piso has it that Marius walked with his friends and discussed all of his accomplishments with them, adding that no intelligent man ought leave himself to Fortune.

In Hispania, on the Atlantic coast at Gades ( the modern Cadiz ), Posidonius could observe tides much higher than in his native Mediterranean.

Posidonius wrote a geographic treatise on the lands of the Celts which has since been lost, but which is referred to extensively ( both directly and otherwise ) in the works of Diodorus of Sicily, Strabo, Caesar and Tacitus ' Germania.

Posidonius wrote on physics ( including meteorology and physical geography ), astronomy, astrology and divination, seismology, geology and mineralogy, hydrology, botany, ethics, logic, mathematics, history, natural history, anthropology, and tactics.

Although it is not certain, Posidonius may have written a commentary on Plato's Timaeus.

Some fragments of his writings on astronomy survive through the treatise by Cleomedes, On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies, the first chapter of the second book appearing to have been mostly copied from Posidonius.

In this work, Posidonius detailed his theory of the effect on a people ’ s character by the climate, which included his representation of the " geography of the races ".

As explained by Cleomedes, Posidonius observed Canopus on but never above the horizon at Rhodes, while at Alexandria he saw it ascend as far as 7½ degrees above the horizon ( the meridian arc between the latitude of the two locales is actually 5 degrees 14 minutes ).

Ptolemy discussed and favored this revised figure of Posidonius over Eratosthenes in his Geographia, and during the Middle Ages scholars divided into two camps regarding the circumference of the earth, identified with Eratosthenes ' calculation on the one hand and Posidonius ' 180, 000-stadium measure on the other.

Posidonius in his writings on meteorology followed Aristotle.

For example, Posidonius considered the climate of Arabia and the life-giving strength of the sun, tides ( taken from his book on the oceans ), and climatic theory to explain people ’ s ethnic or national characters.

Posidonius ' writings on the Jews were probably the source of Diodorus Siculus ' account of the siege and possibly also for Strabo.

The crater Posidonius on the Moon is named after him.

Identified authors on whose works he drew include Hecataeus of Abdera, Ctesias of Cnidus, Ephorus, Theopompus, Hieronymus of Cardia, Duris of Samos, Diyllus, Philistus, Timaeus, Polybius, and Posidonius.