Post-colonialism theories in philosophy, film, political science, and post-colonial literature deal with the cultural legacy of colonial rule ; that is, the cultural identity of the colonised peoples, in which neo-colonialism is the background for the contemporary dilemmas of developing a national identity after colonial rule.

Post-colonialism studies how writers articulate, present, and celebrate their post-colonial national identity, which often first must be reclaimed from the coloniser, whilst maintaining strong connections with the colonialist country ; how knowledge of the sub-ordinated ( colonised ) people was generated, and applied against the colonised people in service to the cultural and economic interests of the colonial country ; and how colonialist literature justified colonialism by misrepresenting the colonised people as an inferior race whose society, culture, and economy must be managed for them.

Post-colonialism focuses on the persistence of colonial forms of power and the continuing existence of racism in world politics.

), Britain in Cyprus, Colonialism and Post-colonialism 1878-2006.

His work has also influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies, and continues to influence these disciplines.

Although anthropologists since the 1960s have foregrounded the power of agents to contest structure, first in the work of transactionalists like Fredrik Barth and then in works inspired by resistance theory and post-colonial theory.

Frantz Fanon ( July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961 ) was a Martinique-born French-Algerian psychiatrist, philosopher, revolutionary and writer whose work is influential in the fields of post-colonial studies, critical theory and Marxism.

In the 1980s, the rhetoric of ethnography was subjected to intense scrutiny within the discipline, under the general influence of literary theory and post-colonial / post-structuralist thought.

Teaching and research around whiteness often overlap with research on post-colonial theory and orientalism taking place in the Arts and Humanities, Sociology, Literature, Communications, Cultural and Media and Studies faculties and departments, amongst others ( e. g. Kent, Leeds ).

Third-wave theory usually incorporates elements of queer theory ; anti-racism and women-of-color consciousness ; womanism ; girl power ; post-colonial theory ; postmodernism ; transnationalism ; ecofeminism ; individualist feminism ; new feminist theory, transgender politics, and a rejection of the gender binary.

Later Feminism, queer theory, post-colonial theory, anarchism, ecological philosophies, and radical democratic theory also had some influence.

Other recent developments include engagements with post-colonial theory and critical race theory to investigate the way management and business schools contribute to what Cedric Robinson ( 1983 ) has called racial capitalism.

Gardens in the sands: the notion of space in recent critical theory and contemporary writing from the French Antilles ( UCL: 2001 ) Coates devotes a chapter to Glissant's later fiction ( Mahagony, Tout-monde, Sartorius ), while the thesis is heavily indebted to Glissant's writings on space and chaos in particular in thinking about post-colonial treatments of space more widely.

The implications of these insights potentially applied to all former colonial nations, and the essay is now recognised as a cornerstone in the development of post-colonial theory in Australia.

Since the 1980s, a new cultural geography has emerged, drawing on a diverse set of theoretical traditions, including Marxist political-economic models, feminist theory, post-colonial theory, post-structuralism and psychoanalysis.

Often in a post-colonial context, the growing recognition and use of indigenous education methods can be a response to the erosion and loss of indigenous knowledge and language through the processes of colonialism.

Informally it can be considered more widely: from a post-colonial form of amical protection, or protectorate, to confederation of unequal members when the lesser partner ( s ) delegate to the major one ( often the former colonial power ) some authority normally exclusively retained by a self-governing state, often in such fields as defence and foreign relations, while often enjoying favorable economic terms such as market access.

# Use of English language literature: It may be asked if the target of post-colonial studies, i. e. the analysis of post-colonial literature and culture, can be reached neglecting literary works in the original languages of post-colonial nations.

The architecture of the areas now constituting Pakistan can be traced to four distinct periods: pre-Islamic, Hindu heritage, Buddhist culture, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial.

Nguema may refer to two different post-colonial leaders of Equatorial Guinea:

It became known as the Voodoo Macbeth, because Welles set the play in post-colonial Haiti.

The book is set on an unnamed, remote Caribbean island populated by a mix of ethnicities, but dominated by post-colonial British.

The world in which " Soldier Son Trilogy " is set is a post-colonial one.

The post-colonial conditions of Vietnam were set at the Geneva Conference of 1954 ; the agreement was finalized on July 21, 1954.

On the other hand, " post-colonial " theories ( such as those put forth by Edward Said ) for the relative absence of liberal democracy in the Middle East are diverse, from the long history of imperial rule by the Ottoman Empire, Britain and France and the contemporary political and military intervention by the United States, all of which have been blamed for preferring authoritarian regimes because this simplifies the business environment, while enriching the governing elite and the companies of the imperial countries.

Seniors are required to take one advanced seminar in writing, philosophy or literature, and one in the social studies — such as an introductory law seminar, post-colonial studies, Latin American studies, Asian studies, and women's studies.

Defined by Toni Morrison as " a global novel ", the book sets itself in the wide frame of Western and post-colonial culture, through the multilingualism of its characters, the mixture of East and West and the great number of references that span from Greek mythology, European philosophy and contemporaries such as Milan Kundera and the stars of rock ' n roll.

Bonny Susan Hicks ( 5 January 1968 – 19 December 1997 ) was a Singapore Eurasian model who gained her greatest notoriety for her contributions to Singaporean post-colonial literature and the anthropic philosophy conveyed in her works.

Post-colonial literature addresses the problems and consequences of the de-colonization of a country and of a nation, especially the political and cultural independence of formerly subjugated colonial peoples ; and it also is a literary critique of and about post-colonial literature, the undertones of which carry, communicate, and justify racialism and colonialism.

The contemporary forms of post-colonial literature present literary and intellectual critiques of the post-colonial discourse, by endeavouring to assimilate post-colonialism and its literary expressions.

As such, in post-colonial literature, the protagonist usually struggles with questions of Identity — social identity, cultural identity, national identity, etc.

Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie has also contributed to the post-colonial literature.

A sub-section is ' Dutch Indies literature ', colonial and post-colonial Insulinde inspired literature, covering the Golden Age up to the present day.

The novel is often used in literature classes focusing on women's roles in post-colonial Africa.

Zoë Wicomb resides in Glasgow where she teaches creative writing and post-colonial literature at the University of Strathclyde.

Writers of post-colonial fiction interact with the traditional colonial discourse, but modify or subvert it ; for instance by retelling a familiar story from the perspective of an oppressed minor character in the story.

Its relations with Western countries are generally friendly, although current political and economic instabilities are often blamed on Western activities ( e. g. colonialism, paternalistic engagement and post-colonial resource exploitation ).

During his rule, Banda was one of the very few post-colonial African leaders to maintain diplomatic relations with apartheid South Africa.

" To further connect the two, magical realism and postmodernism share the themes of post-colonial discourse, in which jumps in time and focus cannot really be explained with scientific but rather with magical reasoning ; textualization ( of the reader ); and metafiction detail: under Themes and Qualities.

Stewart ( citing Hutcheon ) suggests that Midnight's Children chronologically entwines characters from both India and the West, " with post-colonial Indian history to examine both the effect of these indigenous and non-indigenous cultures on the Indian mind and in the light of Indian independence.

In post-colonial studies, the term neo-colonialism describes the domination-praxis ( social, economic, cultural ) of countries from the developed world in the respective internal affairs of the countries of the developing world ; that, despite the decolonisation occurred in the aftermath of the Second World War ( 1939 – 45 ), the ( former ) colonial powers continue to apply existing and past international economic arrangements with their former colony countries, and so maintain colonial control.

Although a socialist, Senghor avoided the Marxist and anti-Western ideology that had become popular in post-colonial Africa, favouring the maintenance of close ties with France and the western world.

This job also allowed him to get in close contact with the problems of post-colonial society.

Soon Forten started his own sailmaking company ; with the income he generated from this successful business, he became one of the wealthiest blacks in post-colonial America.

The Canadian writer Margaret Atwood is also a post-colonial writer who dealt with themes of identity-seeking through her Southern Ontario Gothic style of writing.

Sri Lankan writers like Nihal De Silva or Carl Muller write about the post-colonial situation and the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka, while Michael Ondaatje, international the most acclaimed author with Sri Lankan roots, adds the perspective of the diaspora.

In 1958 Empire Day was renamed Commonwealth Day, in accordance with the new post-colonial relationship between the nations of the former empire.

Thematically, the book may be categorized as post-colonial with its focus on immigrants and their native cultures and languages.

In Latin America, with its feudal colonial and post-colonial past, the grand rural estate, the Hacienda, Estancia, in Portuguese speaking Brazil Fazenda or Estância, with the mansion as its stately center, is a characteristic feature.

The colonel la Roncière seems rather clumsy and unprepared for the situation he faces in Elisabethville where his total lack of knowledge of the post-colonial situation in Central Africa soon puts him in trouble with his European and African mentors.

In the post-colonial period, the term has been used colloquially and derisively to describe the staff of a person, usually a politician or corporate executive officer, that acts to prevent direct communication with the person.

While Afghani's interest in Islamic law and theology was scant, later Pan-Islamism in the post-colonial world was strongly associated with Islamism.

When the wartime British administration rejected this claim, the congress split into two groups: the moderates, who were prepared to work with the British toward full independence, and a more extreme group, led by al-Azhari, which distrusted the British and sought unity with Egypt in the post-colonial period.