Such a structure developed in the west in the period of time following the Industrial Revolution, and replaced the agrarian societies of the Pre-modern, Pre-industrial age.

Pre-modern architectural styles tended to place an emphasis on symmetry, except where extreme site conditions or historical developments lead away from this classical ideal.

" Close encounters with the Byzantine world: the Rus at the Straits of Kerch " in Pre-modern Russia and its world.

Pre-modern female rhetoricians, outside of Socrates ' friend Aspasia, are rare ; but medieval rhetoric produced by women either in religious orders, such as Julian of Norwich ( d. 1415 ), or the very well-connected Christine de Pizan ( 1364 ?- 1430?

Pre-modern catalogues listed only the brightest of these.

Pre-modern technology, science, philosophy, mathematics, engineering, and other intellectual pursuits flourished over the course of the Song.

In the Pre-modern or Edo period ( 1602 – 1869 ) some new styles of poetry developed.

* Fujita, Neil Japan ’ s Encounter with Christianity: The Catholic Mission in Pre-modern Japan.

" Searching for the Way: Theory of Knowledge in Pre-modern and Modern China.

It is discouraging for students to realize that the societies do not truly uphold the standards for which they are supposed to stand.

... a closer look cyberpunk authors reveals that they nearly always portray future societies in which governments have become wimpy and pathetic ... Popular science fiction tales by Gibson, Williams, Cadigan and others do depict Orwellian accumulations of power in the next century, but nearly always clutched in the secretive hands of a wealthy or corporate elite.

: Multicultural societies, be they nations, federations, or other conglomerations of closely interrelated states, discern those aspects of culture that do not threaten union, stability, or prosperity ( such as food, holidays, rituals, and music ) and allow them to flourish.

Conversely, sociology of law may help comparative law answer questions, such as: How do regulations in different legal systems really function in the respective societies?

# Utilitarian-Pragmatic Argument: according to this rationale, a society that protects private property is more effective and prosperous than societies that do not.

These societies are based on matrilines consisting of the matriarch and her descendants which form part of the line, as do their descendants.

Given the same set of verifiable facts, some societies or individuals will have a fundamental disagreement about what one ought to do based on societal or individual norms, and one cannot adjudicate these using some independent standard of evaluation.

Joseph Campbell believed that there were two different orders of mythology: myths that " are metaphorical of spiritual potentiality in the human being ," and myths " that have to do with specific societies ".

Archeologists in Niger have much work to do, with little known of the prehistory of the societies that inhabited the south, the home of the vast majority of modern Nigeriens.

In Islamic societies, inherited wealth and property do not easily accumulate to, or remain in, certain families.

Brunvand used his collection of legends, The Vanishing Hitchhiker: American Urban Legends & Their Meanings ( 1981 ) to make two points: first, that legends and folklore do not occur exclusively in so-called primitive or traditional societies, and second, that one could learn much about urban and modern culture by studying such tales.

Thus as people create societies, they also create categories, but at the same time, they do so unconsciously, and the categories are prior to any individual's experience.

Also there are literary clubs ( see writing circle and book club ), musical and art clubs, publishing clubs ; and the name of “ club ” has been annexed by a large group of associations which fall between the club proper and mere friendly societies, of a purely periodic and temporary nature, such as slate, goose and Christmas clubs, which do not need to be registered under the Friendly Societies Act.

While social hierarchies do exist, rank plays a less prominent role than in other primate societies.

The D ' Oyly Carte Opera Company did not allow any other professional company to present the Savoy operas in Britain until the copyrights expired at the end of 1961, although it licensed many amateur and school societies to do so, beginning in the 19th century.

Meta-ethical relativists are, firstly, descriptive relativists: they believe that, given the same set of facts, some societies or individuals will have a fundamental disagreement about what one ought to do ( based on societal or individual norms ).

In the real world, market economies do not exist in pure form, as societies and governments regulate them to varying degrees rather than allow full self-regulation by market forces.

Because the People of the Book recognize the God of Abraham as the one and only god, as do Muslims, and they practice revealed faiths based on divine ordinances, tolerance and autonomy is accorded to them in societies governed by sharia ( Islamic divine law ).

The novels of the Culture cycle, therefore, mostly deal with people at the fringes of the Culture: diplomats, spies, or mercenaries ; those who interact with other civilizations, and who do the Culture's dirty work in moving those societies closer to the Culture ideal, sometimes by force.

According to Adovasio, Soffer, and Page, no true matriarchy is known actually to have existed, although there is evidence of Amazons and an Amazonian society having existed and some matrifocal societies do exist.

In semi-restrictive societies, adults do not condone sexual activity however often do not take strong steps towards restricting it.

Despite these attempts to reduce sexual promiscuity, parents in the United States and other semi-restrictive societies do not prohibit young men and women from interacting both in social and private settings.

The consciousness it mirrors may have come earlier to Europe than to America, but it is the consciousness that most `` mature '' societies arrive at when their successes in technological and economic systematization propel them into a time of examining the not-strictly-practical ends of culture.

These registries are sponsored by 18 national medical, dental, and veterinary societies and have as their mission the assembling of selected cases of interest to military medicine and of establishing through the mechanism of follow-up of living patients the natural history of various diseases of military-medical importance.

No one can deny that these `` back door '' admissions to membership provisions have been seriously abused nor that they have not resulted in the admission of downright incompetents to membership in supposedly learned societies.

For example, in accordance with the fashion of the times, most transitional societies have announced economic development plans of varying numbers of years ; ;

Efforts such as the Community Development Program in the Philippines have demonstrated that transitional societies can work toward balanced national development.

But if there was evidence at the Trial that aimed over Eichmann's head at his collaborators in the societies where he functioned, the press seems to have missed it.

Nor is it an accident that baseball, growing into the national game in the last 75 years, has become a microcosm of American life, that learned societies such as the American Folklore Society and the American Historical Association were founded in the 1880s, or that courses in American literature, American civilization, American anything have swept our school and college curricula.

Some German and Austrian scolars have increased cultural anthropology as both legal anthropology reagarding " other " societies and anthropology of Western civilization.

Such ideas are described as " Counter-Enlightenment " because they are contrary to the Enlightenment's ideal that humans have the capacity to make their lives and societies a heaven on earth using their own power and reason.

Category: Tribal societies that have practiced cannibalism

Board games have been played in most cultures and societies throughout history ; some even pre-date literacy skill development in the earliest civilizations.

" By adopting a policy of building up reserves by maintaining an excess margin, building societies simultaneously allowed banks to compete and may have undermined the long run viability of mutuality.

A more cynical approach is that some societies may have adopted an excess-margin strategy simply to enhance their value for conversion ".

Many civilizations and societies have devised a calendar, usually derived from other calendars on which they model their systems, suited to their particular needs.

Bairoch points out that, due to sparse population densities that would have persisted in pre-Neolithic, hunter-gatherer societies, the amount of land that would be required to produce enough food for subsistence and trade for a large population would make it impossible to control the flow of trade.

Nearly every human society throughout history has expected distinctions to be made between males and females by the style, color, or type of clothing they are expected to wear, and likewise most societies have had a set of social norms, views, guidelines, or even laws defining what type of clothing is appropriate for each gender.

In various historical and present-day societies, institutionalized religions have established systems of earthly justice that punish crimes against the divine will and against specific devotional, organizational and other rules under specific codes, such as Roman Catholic canon law.

Capital punishment has in the past been practised by most societies ( one notable exception being Kievan Rus ); currently 58 nations actively practice it, and 97 countries have abolished it ( the remainder have not used it for 10 years or allow it only in exceptional circumstances such as wartime ).

Although many hard-line and extremist Muslim societies have adopted capital punishment for other than the crime of murder, this is in violation of the Qur ' anic law mentioned above, and so is rejected by most orthodox commentators and scholars.

In a classical context, people were called " civilized " to set them apart from barbarians, savages, and primitive peoples while in a modern-day context, " civilized peoples " have been contrasted with indigenous peoples or tribal societies.

Still, even when used in this second sense, the word is often restricted to apply only to societies that have attained a particular level of advancement — especially the founding of cities.