Prenatal testosterone, converted in the genital skin to dihydrotestosterone, causes migration of skin fibroblasts to fully enclose the urethral groove in fetal males, normally resulting in an enclosed penile urethra by the second trimester of pregnancy.

Prenatal virilization of genetic females and undervirilization of genetic males are common causes of ambiguous genitalia and intersex conditions.

Note: Prenatal ultra-sound images of the ribs sometimes appear asymmetrical when in fact they are not.

Prenatal diagnosis is possible, and in fact, most cases in pediatric patients are incidentally detected by routine screening ultrasounds obtained during pregnancy.

Prenatal diagnosis or prenatal screening ( note that " Prenatal Diagnosis " and " Prenatal Screening " refer to two different types of tests ) is testing for diseases or conditions in a fetus or embryo before it is born.

* Prenatal testing: Prenatal testing is used to detect changes in a fetus's genes or chromosomes before birth.

Prenatal diagnosis or prenatal screening ( note that " Prenatal Diagnosis " and " Prenatal Screening " refer to two different types of tests ) is testing for diseases or conditions in a fetus or embryo before it is born.

* Prenatal nutrition and birth weight

* Prenatal nutrition and birth weight

* Prenatal alcohol exposure, birth defects resulting from alcohol consumption during pregnancy

She has hypothesized six major contributing factors to infant colic: 1 ) Prenatal stress and birth trauma, 2 ) Unfilled needs ( especially the need for physical contact ), 3 ) Overstimulation, 4 ) Developmental frustrations, 5 ) Physical pain ( including intestinal discomfort ), and 6 ) Frightening events.

* Prenatal nutrition and birth weight

Prenatal or antenatal development is the process in which a human embryo or fetus ( or foetus ) gestates during pregnancy, from fertilization until birth.

Prenatal diagnosis or preimplantation diagnosis involves testing embryos for diseases or conditions.

Prenatal care is important in screening for various complications of pregnancy.

Prenatal testing with chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis allows diagnosis of FMR1 mutation while the fetus is in utero and appears to be reliable.

Prenatal testing is possible for any of the known genetic mechanisms.

* Prenatal diagnosis.

Laura E. Berk, author of Infants and Children: Prenatal Through Middle Childhood, examined the roots of the beliefs Watson came to honor.

Prenatal care ( also known as antenatal care ) refers to the regular medical and nursing care recommended for women during pregnancy.

Prenatal care is a type of preventative care with the goal of providing regular check-ups that allow doctors or midwives to treat and prevent potential health problems throughout the course of the pregnancy while promoting healthy lifestyles that benefit both mother and child.

Prenatal screening was first introduced nearly four decades ago, yet gaps still exist in public knowledge about the screening program.

Prenatal and perinatal psychology is an interdisciplinary study of the foundations of health in body, mind, emotions and in enduring response patterns to life.

Professor Stephen M. Maret ( born 1960 ) has explored these influences in his book, The Prenatal Person.

In 2004, Dr. Wendy Anne McCarty ( born 1951 ), co-founder of the Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology MA and PhD Programs at Santa Barbara Graduate Institute, reviewed the 30 years of clinical research in prenatal and perinatal psychology and current mainstream early development models.

" Prenatal Influences on Temperament, Personality, and Behavior in Children " on Mommy Guide http :// www. mommyguide. com ( March 2004 ).

* L. Janus, The Enduring Effects of Prenatal Experience: Echoes from the Womb, 1997, ISBN 1-56821-853-2

* M. D. Adzema, Falls From Grace: Spiritual and Philosophical Perspectives of Prenatal and Primal Experience 2004 ( online, below )

Those who propose views like this, would see their suggested causes as contributory triggers, while in a time of judgement all the community suffers, whether innocent or guilty.

Those causes that lead immediately to the effect are often called direct or proximate causes ( see proximate causation ).

Those causes were a concern among some members of the groups concerned that the internal regime of their own group had become bureaucratised and lacked in democratic accountability.

Those in the subculture who gravitated toward animal-related causes but disagreed with some of hardline's finer points found themselves becoming vegan straightedge.

Perinatal causes: Those disabilities that are acquired during birth.

Postnatal causes: Those disabilities gained after birth.

Those who use such a device employ the technique of tissue expansion, which causes new skin to grow.

Those appeals are made from the Sheriff court, the court of first instance for low value civil causes in the court system of Scotland.

Several learning disabilities often occur with dyslexia, but it is unclear whether these learning disabilities share underlying neurological causes with dyslexia.

She is remembered as an advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes.

The Telethon Institute is a multi-disciplinary research facility that investigates the causes and prevention of major childhood diseases and disabilities.

Under the direction of Robert W. Marion, M. D., a medical geneticist, CERC's mission is to provide outstanding care to children with disabilities and their families, provide training to the next generation of leaders in the field of neurodevelopmental disabilities, and to perform research into the causes and potential treatments of the conditions that affect our patients.

The Ancient Egyptians were the first civilisation to display an interest in the causes and cures for disabilities and during some periods blind people are recorded as representing a substantial portion of the poets and musicians in society.

Functional impairments are deficits, problems, delays, or abnormalities due to prenatal alcohol exposure ( rather than hereditary causes or postnatal insults ) in observable and measurable domains related to daily functioning, often referred to as developmental disabilities.

Its role is to conduct applied social research on the scope and causes of social needs — specifically those related to aging, health policy, children and youth, people with disabilities, and new immigrants — and assesses various approaches to addressing them.

He cautioned others not to be quick to attribute mental disabilities to specific causes.

Disabilities with a negative stigma and that are perceived as resulting from the actions of the person ( e. g., HIV-Positive, substance abuse ) result in lower interview scores than disabilities for which the causes are perceived to be out of the individual ’ s control ( e. g., physical birth defect ).

At the same time, there are pro-life feminists who focus on making abortion obsolete by relieving its root causes at every level of society from the individual to the global — for example, from personally providing direct aid to pregnant women, adopting children with disabilities, campaigning for global access to antiretrovirals, and by advocating women's economic justice worldwide.

Personal ties between Axelrod and Hillary Clinton also made it difficult, as she had done significant work on behalf of epilepsy causes for a foundation co-founded by Axelrod's wife and mother, Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy ( CURE ) ( Axelrod's daughter suffers from developmental disabilities associated with chronic epileptic seizures.

The Foundation ’ s mission is to raise funds to identify reading deficiencies, diagnose causes and effective treatments for learning disabilities, improve systems for training teachers, tutors and other educators in literacy issues, provide grants, stipends and scholarships for deserving students, and assist in the development of tools and techniques for the effective teaching of reading and writing skills.

There are many social, environmental and physical causes of developmental disabilities, although for some a definitive cause may never be determined.

Therefore the causes such as adult poverty, government policies, lack of education, unemployment, social services, disabilities and discrimination significantly affect the presence of child poverty.