Prior to this discovery, the earliest-known fossil turtles were terrestrial and had a complete shell, offering no clue to the evolution of this remarkable anatomical feature.

Prior to that, a combination of ranks were used – see the main article and Commodore ( United States ) for the history and evolution of these ranks.

Prior to the evolution of " purpose-made " collectibles ( cf.

They believe that “ The emergent ideology is a perversion of the Word of God and the doctrine of the Church of the Nazarene .” The group circulated a petition to members of the denomination, which was presented by 500 members to the Board of General Superintendents in January 2009, with the desire that “ Our fervent hope and prayer is that the General Superintendents will respond by purging our denomination of the emergent cancer before it is too late .” Prior to the most recent General Assembly held in July 2009, the Concerned Nazarenes advocated revising the Articles of Faith to affirm biblical inerrancy: “ Old and New Testaments are inerrant throughout and the supreme authority on everything the scriptures teach .” Further, they are concerned about the teaching of open theism and biological evolution in Nazarene universities ; invitations to emergent church leaders Brian McLaren, Leonard Sweet, and Doug Pagitt to speak at Nazarene institutions ; and the use of “ experiential works-based techniques for prayer ”, including prayer labyrinths, prayer stations and retreats to Roman Catholic monasteries.

Prior to the evolution of punk in the 1970s, there was little rock and roll tradition from Minneapolis, which author Steven Blush attributed to a lack of anything to " rebel against ", noting that it was Minneapolis ' friendly atmosphere that made future hardcore punk musicians " crazy and rebellious ".

Prior to this explanation, Gene Roddenberry cited " parallel evolution " as another potential explanation.

Prior to the evolution of the CH & D, an entity called the Ohio Electric Railway in the early 1910s had attempted to combine small and local interurbans into a large central Ohio interurban network.

( Prior to Generation IV, Lickitung had no other evolution ) Outside of the main series, Lickitung has appeared in Pokémon Pinball and the Pokémon Mystery Dungeon games.

Prior to the evolution of the Mr. McMahon character, McMahon was primarily an announcer on television, with his behind-the-scenes involvement generally kept off TV for kayfabe-based reasons.

Prior to the acquisition of Sim developer Maxis by Electronic Arts in 1997, plans were originally made in 1996 to develop SimCity 3000 as a fully 3D game, in tune with the emergence ( at the time ) of 3D computer and video games.

Prior to his involvement in Greenpeace he had prospered as a builder and developer.

Prior to production, the developer called the game Devil Busters.

Prior to purchasing the Dodgers and moving to Los Angeles, McCourt was a Boston real estate developer, whose family resided in Brookline, Massachusetts.

Prior to modern times, there was no distinction between architects, engineers and often artists, and the title used varied depending on geographical location.

Prior to the emergence of the term Mizrahi, the term " Arab Jews " was sometimes used to describe Jews of the Arab world.

Prior to this definition, it was used by Persian-speakers ( and others influenced by Persian ) to denote the Pashtun people.

Prior to the Smartmodem, modems were almost entirely manual in operation, having developed from acoustic couplers that used a traditional telephone for dialling and hanging up.

Prior to the development of the pound lock in 984AD in China by Chhaio Wei-Yo and later in Europe in the 15th century, either flash locks consisting of a single gate were used or ramps, sometimes equipped with rollers, were used to change level.

Prior to the standardization of rapid radiosity calculation, some graphic artists used a technique referred to loosely as false radiosity by darkening areas of texture maps corresponding to corners, joints and recesses, and applying them via self-illumination or diffuse mapping for scanline rendering.

Prior to 1970, writers only voted for the best pitcher and used a formula of one point per vote.

Prior to the invention of tension rods drum skins were attached and tuned by rope systems such as that used on the Djembe or pegs and ropes such as that used on Ewe Drums, a system rarely used today, although sometimes seen on regimental marching band snare drums.

Prior to J2000. 0, astronomers used the successive Besselian Epochs B1875. 0, B1900. 0, and B1950. 0.

Prior to the 1996 Australian Grand Prix, an earlier configuration of the current circuit was used for both the 1953 and 1956 Australian Grands Prix.

Prior to version 0. 7, Freenet used a heuristic routing algorithm where each node had no fixed location, and routing was based on which node had served a key closest to the key being fetched ( in version 0. 3 ) or which is estimated to serve it faster ( in version 0. 5 ).

Prior to FORTRAN 77, a number of preprocessors were commonly used to provide a friendlier language, with the advantage that the preprocessed code could be compiled on any machine with a standard FORTRAN compiler.

Prior to the IEEE-754 standard, computers used many different forms of floating-point.

Prior to Nazism, however, the term was used throughout Germanic language countries without negative connotations ( e. g. in Hermann Broch's novel The Sleepwalkers ), or often to refer to their homelands much as the word " motherland " does.

Prior to this work, the concept of a set was a rather elementary one that had been used implicitly since the beginnings of mathematics, dating back to the ideas of Aristotle.

Prior to 1958 a method of raising energy in the coven's circle was by the practice of " binding and scourging ", mostly used as an initiation rite, and related to the Roman Catholic scourging used to heighten the initiates sensitivity and spiritual experience.

Prior to 1953, a Tudor Crown was used

Prior to the introduction of plastics, it was used for billiard balls, piano keys, Scottish bagpipes, buttons and a wide range of ornamental items.

Prior to the Civil War, militia units were sometimes used by southern states for slave control.

Prior to the emergence of quantum mechanics as a separate theory, the mathematics used in physics consisted mainly of formal mathematical analysis, beginning with calculus ; and, increasing in complexity up to differential geometry and partial differential equations.

Prior to contact with Europeans, most tribes used similar weaponry.

Prior to the reunification of the city, the Land Use Plan of 1988 and General Development Plan of 1980 defined the spatial planning criteria for West and East Berlin, respectively.

Prior to being elected as AM for Llanelli she was Senior Development Manager with the Equal Opportunities Commission in Wales.

Prior to being elected to Parliament she worked as a Development Manager for Battersea Churches Housing Trust from 1988-97.

Prior to that she was Minister for Education and Lifelong Learning where she introduced a new Foundation Phase for 3-7 year olds, the Welsh Baccalaureate and Education for Sustainable Development and Global Citizenship ( ESDGC ) into the Welsh curriculum.

Prior to his election to public office, Van Loan was a partner and Chair of the Planning and Development Law Group at the law firm of Fraser Milner Casgrain LLP in Toronto, Ontario.

Prior to joining the Administration, he was Vice President and Director of Business-Government Relations of the Committee for Economic Development.

Prior to this, he spent six years as Vice President for Technology and Advanced Development at Ford Aerospace, which was acquired by Loral Corporation during that period.

Prior to the agency's renaming in 1998, the position was termed Minister responsible for the Federal Office of Regional Development – Quebec.

Prior to his appointment to Bangladesh, Ambassador Milam was Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Finance and Development with responsibility for international finance and development issues, including debt and investment, as well as intellectual property protection.

Prior to joining Fox's Presidential campaign team in 1997, Derbez had a distinguished professional and academic career working for the World Bank Group, the Inter-American Development Bank, Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies and Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey.

Prior to becoming the Borough President, he served as New York Commissioner of Housing Preservation and Development.

Prior to Idealab, he founded GNP Loudspeakers ( now GNP Audio Video ), an audio equipment manufacturer ; GNP Development Inc., acquired by Lotus Software ; and Knowledge Adventure, an educational software company, later acquired by Cendant.

Prior to joining UNICEF she served as Senior Advisor to the President of the African Development Bank in charge of Fragile States policies.

Prior to his election, he was a community development consultant and public official, serving, among other positions, as Director of Community and Economic Development in the administration of then-Mayor Bernie Sanders.

Prior to that, he has also worked as Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Economic Development and Trade, as Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Transportation and Chair of the Small Business Agency of Ontario.

Prior to that he was President of the National Development Council ( Parliament of Rwanda ) 1988 – 1994.

Prior to this Hydro One bought out the generation and transmission assets of the Electrical Development Corporation, which was the last remaining private power company.

Prior to the arrival of ADSL broadband in the village, Hayfield Development Trust pioneered village-wide wi-fi, known as the Digital Parish, allowing broadband-like Internet access for most villagers.

Prior to the beginning of the 2008 season, it was announced that the Kings would be taking voluntary relegation, and would henceforth be competing in the USL Premier Development League.

He was previously the Assistant Secretary at the Labor and Workforce Development Agency ( An Agency that he helped create ), deputy director for the Department of Industrial Relations and Prior to his State service Special Advisor and Congressional Liaison to President Bill Clinton.

Prior to his election, he had held a number of positions with the International Organization for Migration, the United Nations Development Programme, and the Organization of American States.

Prior to joining the FCC, Mr. Shapiro was Director of New Business Development with Sony Corporation of America responsible for identifying new opportunities for Sony ’ s Television Business Group in the emerging digital era.

Prior to his involvement as a league president, Branch spent over twenty years in major league baseball, in player development with the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Cincinnati Reds, as a scout, as an Assistant Scouting Director during the 70 ’ s, and in the 80 ’ s as Director of Player Development.

Prior to 1997, activity on the campus was restricted to Research and Development activities, and each building was referred to as R & D 1 through R & D 6.