* Regulated access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge, including Prior Informed Consent of the party providing resources.

Prior to June 2005, the Maldivian political system was based on the election of individuals, rather than the more common system of election according to party platform.

Prior to the 2000 election the media typically alternated which color represented which party each presidential election cycle.

Prior to the " turn around ", each party regards the other party's clock to be recording time differently than his own, but the noted difference is symmetrical between the two parties.

Prior to the onset of ' no-fault ' statutes, a party would have to prove a ground, typically ' desertion ,' ' abandonment ,' ' cruelty ,' or ' adultery.

Prior to the late 1960s, nearly all countries that permitted divorce also required proof by one party that the other party had committed an act incompatible to the marriage.

Meanwhile, a delegation from the African Union Commission praised the election for taking place with " calm and serenity " Prior to the 2009 election, Tunisia amended its constitution to allow more candidates to run for president, allowing the top official from each political party to compete for the presidency regardless of whether they held seats in parliament.

Tebbit was accused of comparing Prior to Laval and at that year's Conservative Party conference Tebbit attempted to avoid personalising the issue, and openly splitting the party, without retracting what he had said.

Prior to the party, Keaty and Richard spiked the stew Unhygenix cooked with marijuana, sending the partygoers on an overloaded high.

Prior to the outlaw effort, a dissenting minority had left the party to form Aralar.

Prior to launch, Soyuz 1 engineers are said to have reported 203 design faults to party leaders, but their concerns " were overruled by political pressures for a series of space feats to mark the anniversary of Lenin's birthday.

Prior to 1989, however, one-party government by the Fianna Fáil party was common.

Prior to 2009, the party had only been out of power for a brief 11 month period between 1993 and 1994.

Prior to the cancellation, the Bavarian governing party CSU faced internal and local resistance, in particular from communities along the proposed route.

Prior to becoming Prime Minister, Jagland served as party secretary from 1986 to 1992, and subsequently party leader until 2002, when he was succeeded by Jens Stoltenberg.

Prior to the 1960s, the government of Quebec was controlled by conservative Maurice Duplessis, leader of the Union Nationale party.

Prior to the 1990s, it was common for party and government officials to participate in the actual drafting of newspaper editorials.

Prior to this amendment, there were nine incidents in which the elected governor and lieutenant governor were not of the same political party.

Prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union, ideological differences between party members led to the establishment of the New Communist Party ( formed in 1977 ), who also opposed ' eurocommunism '.

Prior to becoming party leader, Martin served as Minister for Education and Science ( 1997 – 2000 ), Minister for Health and Children ( 2000 – 04 ), Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment ( 2004 – 08 ) and Minister for Foreign Affairs ( 2008 – 11 ).

Prior to the 1999 elections the party was taken over by TV celebrity Tommy Lapid, who was known for his fierce rhetoric against religious coercion.

Prior to the formation of the Communist Party of Croatia there was a Croatian-Slavonian Provincial Committee of the Socialist Workers Party of Yugoslavia ( Communists ) and there was a developed party structure of the Socialist Party of Croatia and Slavonia.

Prior to modern times, there was no distinction between architects, engineers and often artists, and the title used varied depending on geographical location.

Prior to the end of the slave trade and widespread abolition, when indigenous labour was unavailable, slaves were often imported to the Americas, first by the Spanish Empire, and later by the Dutch, French and British.

Prior to the publication of the EPR paper, a measurement was often visualized as a physical disturbance inflicted directly upon the measured system.

Prior to Nazism, however, the term was used throughout Germanic language countries without negative connotations ( e. g. in Hermann Broch's novel The Sleepwalkers ), or often to refer to their homelands much as the word " motherland " does.

Prior to the 19th century, suburb often referred to the outlying areas of cities where work was most inaccessible — implicitly, where the poorest people had to live.

Prior to this, many nonwhite immigrants with full rights of citizenship in Britain were obliged to take the jobs that no one else wanted ( such as street cleaning, night-shift assembly production lines ), often paid considerably less than their white counterparts.

Prior to crucifixion, victims were often savagely whipped with barbed metal lashes, to induce exsanguination ( bleeding to death ).

Prior to the IEEE standard, programmers often used a special value ( such as − 99999999 ) to represent undefined or missing values, but there was no guarantee that they would be handled consistently or correctly.

Prior to prenatal and newborn screening, cystic fibrosis was often diagnosed when a newborn infant failed to pass feces ( meconium ).

Prior to the rise of the fast food chain restaurant, people generally had a choice between greasy spoon diners where the quality of the food was often questionable and service lacking, or high-end restaurants that were expensive and impractical for families with children.

Prior to trial, most proceedings in non-criminal courts are conducted via papers filed in the court, often through lawyers.

Prior to the widespread use of word processors, bullets were often denoted either by a lower-case “ o ” filed-in with ink or by asterisks (*), and several word processors automatically convert asterisks to bullets if used at the start of line.

Prior to 1975 a dose of 100g was often used.

Prior to this, the bodies of shipwrecked sailors were often either buried on the beach where they were found or left to the sea.

His personality reflects more modern, pragmatic attitudes and progressive ethics than those of his time, which often puts him in conflict with his brethren, particularly with his superior Prior Robert and Robert's clerk Brother Jerome, who disapprove of Cadfael for his casual attitude toward rules and for the privileges that are allowed him by their Abbot.

" Prior to the Early Dynastic period, kings were subordinate to priests, and often lived in the same temple complex where the priests lived.

Prior to 1860, to reach the available farmland of northwestern Louisiana and southwestern Arkansas, settlers from the Gulf Coast states most often crossed the Mississippi River at Natchez, then came up the Ouachita River.

Prior to 1843, the settlement was often called " Thornapple ".

Prior to that the county seat had moved several times, often with heated debate, thus the centralized location hoping to bring " harmony " to all concerned.

Prior to 1986, Chestnut Ridge was an unincorporated area within the town of Ramapo often referred to as " South Spring Valley " ( its fire district ), as many postal addresses carried the Spring Valley designation.

Prior to the sudden onset of the rainy season in mid-to late fall, there are often days with a very wide disparity between daytime and nighttime temperatures, sometimes exceeding 20 C / 36 F. There is far less wind in the fall than in spring and early summer.

Prior to the 1930s, power towels were often housed in cast metal housings.

Prior to this point is was often referred to as South Taylorsville.

Prior to the advent of tests to detect Clostridium difficile toxins, the diagnosis was most often made by colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy.