Thirdly, CRC is a linear function with a property that CRC ( X XOR Y ) = CRC ( X ) XOR CRC ( Y ); as a result, even if the CRC is encrypted with a stream cipher ( or mode of block cipher which effectively turns it into stream cipher, such as OFB or CFB ), both message and associated CRC can be manipulated without knowledge of encryption key ; this was one of the well-known design flaws of the Wired Equivalent Privacy ( WEP ) protocol.

* Ralph's Pretty Good Grocery (" If you can't find it at Ralph's, you can probably get along without it "), the inspiration of the name of the Pretty Good Privacy cryptographic software.

In Ontario, both the municipal and provincial versions of the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act outline very specific guidelines that control how images and information can be gathered by this method and

* XACML-The Extensible Access Control Markup Language together with its Privacy Profile is a standard for expressing privacy policies in a machine-readable language which a software system can use to enforce the policy in enterprise IT systems.

An individual who believes that the Privacy Rule is not being upheld can file a complaint with the Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights ( OCR ).

However, information protected by the Privacy Act of 1974 can be released only with the veteran's consent.

The privacy safeguards and rules can be found in the RTIC specification and the TSA RT Privacy Impact Assessment ( PIA ).

* Permission and Privacy: What uses can be made of the data and by whom?

The Browser Privacy can suppress information website generally receive about its visitors, such as the browser and operating system used.

Privacy Control can warn users when sending confidential information.

A list of other sectoral privacy laws in the United States can be viewed at the Consumer Privacy Guide's website.

Privacy can protect a news source from retaliation, increase the number of whistleblowers, improve national security, and the like, but excessive privacy allows for increased corruption, statism, and military dictatorship.

Privacy must be highly assured both in time and place.

On January 1, 2008, the YCJA's Privacy clause was tested when several users of the Internet social networking site Facebook posted the identities of murdered Toronto teenager Stefanie Rengel and her killers ( Melissa Todorovic and David Bagshaw ) in defiance of both the publication ban and the fact that the police had not yet received the consent of Rengel's family to release her name to the media.

Since 1997 Privacy International in cooperation with the Electronic Privacy Information Center has conducted annual surveys in order to assess how much privacy nations ' populations have from both corporative and government surveillance.

Privacy concerns in healthcare apply to both paper and electronic records.

This limits your access to sensitive data both protected by the Privacy Act 1974 and PHI protected under HIPAA.

This act established both the position of Director of National Intelligence ( DNI ), the National Counterterrorism Center ( NCTC ), and the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board.

* Information Security and Privacy Advisory Board ( ISPAB )

The relevant UK laws include: Data Protection Act 1998 ; Freedom of Information Act 2000 ; Environmental Information Regulations 2004 ; Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003.

* Thomas Allmer, A Critical Contribution to Theoretical Foundations of Privacy Studies, " Journal of Information, Communication & Ethics in Society ", Vol.

* Ulrike Hugl, " Approaching the value of Privacy: Review of theoretical privacy concepts and aspects of privacy management ", Proceedings of the Sixteenth Americas Conference on Information Systems ( AMCIS ) 2010, paper no.

* Herman Tavani, “ Informational Privacy: Concepts, Theories, and Controversies ,” in Kenneth Himma and Herman Tavani, eds., The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics ( Hoboken: Wiley, 2008 ), pp. 131-164.

* Electronic Privacy Information Center ( EPIC )

* privacy. org, a service of the Electronic Privacy Information Center

A complaint filed by the Electronic Privacy Information Center ( EPIC ) brought the RemoteSpy software to the FTC ’ s attention.

— the Electronic Privacy Information Center ( EPIC ) objected to this, arguing that it does not take into account email or web addresses, which often contain content in the address information.

He was Chair of FairVote from 1996 to 2008 and continues to serve on its board, served as President of the World Federalist Association and on the advisory board of Public Campaign and the Electronic Privacy Information Center, and is of counsel to the Washington, DC-based law firm of Greenberg & Lieberman, LLC

Such groups include: Electronic Privacy Information Center, Electronic Frontier Foundation, American Civil Liberties Union

* Privacy Information Center

* Electronic Privacy Information Center

* Media and Information Commission, a regulatory body in Zimbabwe, established by the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act ( Zimbabwe )

There are three independent commissioners in the OAIC: the Australian Information Commissioner, the Freedom of Information Commissioner, and the Privacy Commissioner.

Similar bodies at provincial level include the Information and Privacy Commissioner ( Ontario ).

Electronic Privacy Information Center ( EPIC ) is a public interest research group in Washington, D. C.

pl: Electronic Privacy Information Center

pt: Electronic Privacy Information Center

* Privacy Information

Not everyone was so sanguine ; Marc Rotenberg of the Electronic Privacy Information Center ( EPIC ) said,

The U. S. Senate proposed the Privacy Act of 2005, which attempted to strictly limit the display, purchase, or sale of PII without the person's consent.

Privacy extensions do little to protect the user from tracking if only one or two hosts are using a given network prefix, and the activity tracker is privy to this information.

Privacy partially intersects security, including for instance the concepts of appropriate use, as well as protection of information.

Privacy uses the theory of natural rights, and generally responds to new information and communication technologies.

Privacy rights are inherently intertwined with information technology.

Privacy depends on norms for how information is distributed, and if this is appropriate.

“ Our investigation has confirmed that while Telstra breached the Privacy Act when the personal information of a number of its customers was disclosed to third parties ; this incident was caused by a one-off human error.

It was not a result of Telstra failing to have reasonable steps in place to protect the personal information of its customers, as required by the Privacy Act ”, said Pilgrim.

Privacy concerns have been raised about webmail as corporations are storing large amounts of personal information.

By using a third-party Privacy Certification Authority ( PCA ), the information that identifies the computer could be held by a trusted third party.

A grand jury subpoena or administrative subpoena, court order, search warrant ; or user consent is needed to get this information pursuant to the Electronic Communication Privacy Act, Title 18 U. S. C.

In terms of compliance, the key rules under the Act include The Financial Privacy Rule which governs the collection and disclosure of customers ’ personal financial information by financial institutions.

* October 2005: EPIC and Patient Privacy Rights launched a joint campaign to strengthen protections for patients ' medical information.

* Electronic Privacy Information Center's ChoicePoint page-includes information EPIC gained from FOIA requests

Privacy of customer information.

Privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifiable information is collected and stored – in digital form or otherwise.

Restricted documents are not classified per se, but only those who have a need to know will have access to such information, in accordance with the Personal Data ( Privacy ) Ordinance.

Government classified information is governed by the Treasury Board Policy on Government Security, the Security of Information Act and Privacy Act.

On April 18, 2005 the Privacy Commissioner of Canada expressed disappointment in the way CIBC dealt with incidents involving the bank misdirecting faxes containing customers ' personal information.

The Privacy Commissioner of Canada stated, " Although I appreciate that the bank notified us of this incident and that it is working cooperatively with my Office, I am nevertheless deeply troubled, especially given the magnitude of this breach, which puts at risk the personal information of hundreds of thousands of Canadians.

Martel's resignation occurred after the Ontario Privacy Commissioner found that she had passed on privileged and damaging information about Ottawa consultant Charles Ficner to Liberal MPP Frank Miclash.

Some questioned the Privacy Commissioner's decision, noting that almost all of the information in question was already available in the public domain.

Many groups, such as the Electronic Frontiers Foundation, have criticized the act for a lack of privacy and civil liberties protections, claiming that it authorizes government surveillance of private communications and allows companies to hand over large amounts of personal information on their clients without a warrant or judicial oversight, and thereby creates a cybersecurity loophole in existing privacy laws, such as the Wiretap Act and the Electronic Communications Privacy Act.

Senate Bill 129 created the Office of Privacy Protection within the Department of Consumer Affairs to inform the public of potential options for protecting their privacy, receive complaints concerning persons unlawfully using others ' personal information, and to help prosecute identity theft and other privacy related crimes.