Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim.

Probability theory considers measures that assign to the whole set the size 1, and considers measurable subsets to be events whose probability is given by the measure.

Probability theory is also used to describe the underlying mechanics and regularities of complex systems.

Probability theory is applied in everyday life in risk assessment and in trade on financial markets.

Probability theory is an established field of study in mathematics.

) Frank P. Ramsey, on the other hand, was skeptical about the existence of such objective logical relations and argued that ( evidential ) probability is " the logic of partial belief " (" Truth and Probability ", 1926, p. 157 ).

Probability theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability, the analysis of random phenomena.

Probability clouds are approximate, but better than the Bohr model, whereby electron location is given by a probability function, the wave function eigenvalue, such that the probability is the squared modulus of the complex amplitude, or quantum state nuclear attraction.

Probability is interpreted as a formal system of

In L. Neil Smith's North American Confederacy series of novels, beginning with The Probability Broach, an alternate-history LaPorte is one of the major cities of North America, occupying roughly half the area of Larimer County, and with a population of over two million people ; whereas the city of Denver does not exist: In its place are the two small historic settlements of Saint Charles Town and Auraria.

* The Probability Broach ( 1980 ) is an alternate history novel in which history has taken a different turn because a single word in the Declaration of Independence was changed.

* In The Gallatin Divergence ( 1985 ), a time-traveling Federalist woman wants to change history but is opposed by the protagonists of The Probability Broach.

* The American Zone ( 2001 ), the most recent entry in the series, is a direct sequel to The Probability Broach concerned with the refugees from various anti-libertarian versions of the United States who take up residence in the Confederacy, and the response of the Confederacy to terrorist violence.

Probability of detection ( POD ) tests are a standard way to evaluate a nondestructive testing technique in a given set of circumstances, for example " What is the POD of lack of fusion flaws in pipe welds using manual ultrasonic testing?

Probability sampling, or random sampling, is a sampling technique in which the probability of getting any particular sample may be calculated.

Probability distributions defined on a finite number of points can always be normalized, but when these are defined over continuous spaces, then extra care is called for.

Probability is the likelihood or chance that something is the case or will happen.

Probability theory is used extensively in statistics, mathematics, science and philosophy to draw conclusions about the likelihood of potential events and the underlying mechanics of complex systems.

One important aspect of Algorithmic Probability is that it is complete and incomputable.

In the 1968 report he shows that Algorithmic Probability is complete ; that is, if there is any describable regularity in a body of data, Algorithmic Probability will eventually discover that regularity, requiring a relatively small sample of that data.

The word Probability derives from the Latin probabilitas, which can also mean probity, a measure of the authority of a witness in a legal case in Europe, and often correlated with the witness's nobility.

# REDIRECT Probability measure

Probability theory became measure theory with its own problems and terminology.

* Probability measure gives the probability of events in a probability space.

Probability distributions are determined by assigning an expectation to each random variable.

* Words of Estimative Probability, terms used by intelligence analysts to convey the likelihood of a future event occurring

More Probability density function | probability density will be found the closer one gets to the expected ( mean ) value in a normal distribution.

For the next-generation F-22 and F-35, the U. S. will use Low Probability of Intercept ( LPI ) capacity.

If ( Burden < Cost of Injury × Probability of occurrence ), then the accused will not have met the standard of care required.

The general consensus in the scientific community, however, was to associate this type of complexity with Kolmogorov, who was concerned with randomness of a sequence, while Algorithmic Probability became associated with Solomonoff, who focused on prediction using his invention of the universal a priori probability distribution.

" Probabilism: A Critical Essay on the Theory of Probability and on the Value of Science ," ( translation of 1931 article ) in Erkenntnis, volume 31, September 1989.

" Foresight: its Logical Laws, Its Subjective Sources ," ( translation of the 1937 article in French ) in H. E. Kyburg and H. E. Smokler ( eds ), Studies in Subjective Probability, New York: Wiley, 1964.

Theory of Probability.

( 1988 ) Decision, Probability, and Utility: Selected Readings.

( 2003 ) Probability Theory: The Logic of Science, CUP.

* Ramsey, Frank Plumpton ( 1931 ) " Truth and Probability " ( PDF ), Chapter VII in The Foundations of Mathematics and other Logical Essays, Reprinted 2001, Routledge.

Probability density function for several normal distributions.

The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal ( Johns Hopkins ), ch.

** ( 1878 April ), " The Probability of Induction ", Popular Science Monthly, v. 12, pp. 705 – 718.

Fine, Hidden Variables, Joint Probability, and the Bell Inequalities.

* P. Pluch, " Theory for Quantum Probability ", PhD Thesis University of Klagenfurt ( 2006 )

Likelihood and Probability in R. A. Fisher ’ s Statistical Methods for Research Workers

' Interpretations of Probability ', The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Summer 2003 Edition ), Edward N. Zalta ( ed.

Probability theory was used in statistical mechanics.