" By the end of the 16th century, however, patronage was split among many areas: the Catholic Church, Protestant churches and courts, wealthy amateurs, and music printing — all were sources of income for composers.

Church composers were active throughout the country ; e. g., in the polyphonic tradition, Andreas Neoman who worked at Bardejov and elsewhere in the early 17th century, Ján Šimbracký ( d. 1657 ), organist at the Protestant church in Spišské Podhradie, and Samuel Marckfelner ( 1621 – 1674 ), organist at Levoča.

In the larger towns, especially in Bratislava, the influence of the Italian concertante style was felt, composers in this vein including Samuel Capricornus ( 1628 – 1665 ) ( who eventually became kapellmeister for a prince of Stuttgart ), his successor at the Protestant church in Breatislava, Johann Kusser ( 1626 – 1696 ).

They declined after the Protestant Reformation which banned many religious festivals, but some famous carols were written in this period, including ' The Holly and the Ivy ' and they were more strongly revived from the 19th century and began to be written and adapted by eminent composers.

He was one of the most versatile composers of his age, being particularly significant in the development of musical forms based on Protestant hymns, many of which reflect an effort to improve the relationship between Protestants and Catholics.

However, not only Protestant composers were killed during the era of conflict ; in 1581, Catholic Antoine de Bertrand, a prolific composer of chansons, was murdered in Toulouse by a Protestant mob.

We know that in the early part of the century many Protestant congregations took positive action against members who transgressed the ethical codes to which the majority subscribed.

The Party took control of the courts, local government, and all civic organizations except the Protestant and Catholic churches.

Because it rejected original sin and divine Revelation, both Protestant and Catholic authorities took offense.

After the Dark Age and Medieval chroniclers, various Protestant writers took up the Pope Joan legend in their anti-Catholic writings.

In France, where his influence was stronger, he took several measures to oppose the Protestant Huguenots.

He also was involved in the fruitless negotiations with the Protestant theologians, including Philipp Melanchthon, that took place at Augsburg ; Eck with Wimpina and Cochlæus met the Lutherans in August.

Parliament appointed Protestant commissioners loyal to their cause to subdue the colonies, and two of them, the Virginian William Claiborne and Puritan leader Richard Bennett, took control of the colonial government in St. Mary's City in 1652.

For example, the Protestant Reformation brought about a renewed interest in the interpretation of the Bible, which took a step away from the interpretive tradition developed during the Middle Ages back to the texts themselves.

The Dissolution of the Monasteries in England took place in the political context of other attacks on the historic institutions of Western Roman Catholicism which had been under way for some time, many of them related to the Protestant Reformation in Continental Europe ; however, the religious changes in England under Henry VIII and Edward VI were of a different nature from those taking place in Germany, Bohemia, France, Scotland and Geneva.

The Protestant Reformation took hold in Konstanz in the 1520s, headed by Ambrosius Blarer.

Because of a complex network of waterways and further misty weather, it took until 11 AM before the Protestant force was deployed and ready to launch its attack.

Throughout the Thirty Years ' War, Protestant and Catholic armies took advantage of weakened civilian populations, committing numerous recorded acts of violence and atrocities.

In order to dispel the myth of Vanbrugh's low origins, Downes took pains to explore Vanbrugh's background, closely examining the family and connexions of each of his four grandparents: Vanbrugh, Jacobs or Jacobson, Carleton, and Croft, summing up the characteristics of each line and concluding that, far from being of lower middle class origins, Vanbrugh was descended from Anglo-Flemish or Netherlandish Protestant merchants who settled in London in the 16th and 17th centuries, minor courtiers, and country gentry.

In Northern Ireland, bonfires are lit on Halloween, October 31. and each 11 July, bonfires are lit by many Protestant communities to celebrate the victory of Williamite forces at the Battle of the Boyne, which took place on 12 July 1690.

So in July, 1788 he took a job at Fiquainville chateau in Normandy as tutor to the only son of the Comte d ' Héricy, a Protestant noble.

Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Catherine de ' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX, the massacre took place six days after the wedding of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant Henry III of Navarre ( the future Henry IV of France ).

Though no details of the meeting survive, Charles IX and his mother took the decision to eliminate the Protestant leaders, Holt speculates perhaps " between two and three dozen noblemen " who were still in Paris.

Hall gradually took up an anti-Laudian, but also anti-Presbyterian position, while remaining a Protestant eirenicist in co-operation with John Dury and concerned with continental Europe.

" His career took place during what one scholar has called the Protestant Century ," according to Kazin, " when an eloquent preacher could be a celebrity, the leader of one or more reform movements and a popular philosopher — all at the same time.

The attack drove nearly all the Protestants out of the valley, prevented further Protestant incursions and took the Valtellina out of the Three Leagues.

Christian II had been intolerant of Protestant teaching, but Frederick took a more opportunist approach.

When in February 1649 Scotland proclaimed Charles, Prince of Wales, to be Charles II, King of Scotland, the Protestant Ulster Scots settlers did the same and following Charles's lead ( one of cynical expediency had they but realised ), took the Solemn League and Covenant.

Between Calvin, and Arminius, born four years before Calvin's death, a Protestant Scholasticism took from various loci and authorities of the Western Middle Ages.

The Diet of Worms 1521 (, ) was a diet ( a formal deliberative assembly, specifically an Imperial Diet ) that took place in Worms, Germany, and is most memorable for the Edict of Worms ( Wormser Edikt ), which addressed Martin Luther and the effects of the Protestant Reformation.

As for the author of the Englishman, Mrs. Manley sarcastically deplores that the sole defense of the Protestant cause should be left to `` Ridpath, Dick Steele, and their Associates, with the Apostles of Young Man's Coffee-House ''.

`` All too frequently '', points out James O'Gara, managing editor of Commonweal, `` Catholics run roughshod over Protestant sensibilities in this matter, by failure to consider the reasoning behind the Protestant position and, particularly, by their jibes at the fact that Protestant opinion on birth control has changed in recent decades ''.

The Protestant themselves are the first to admit the great falling off in effective membership in their churches.

The medieval parish church of Gunsbach was shared by the Protestant and Catholic congregations, which held their prayers in different areas at different times on Sundays.

Alexander Grothendieck was born in Berlin to anarchist parents: a Ukrainian father from an ultimately Hassidic family, Alexander " Sascha " Shapiro aka Tanaroff, and a mother from a German Protestant family, Johanna " Hanka " Grothendieck ; both of his parents had broken away from their early backgrounds in their teens.

) Hilton also claims a Roman Catholic monarch would therefore be unable to be crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury and points to the examples of European states that have similar religious provisions for their monarchs: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, whose constitutions compel their monarchs to be Lutherans, the Netherlands, the constitution of which insists its monarchs be members of the Protestant House of Orange, and Belgium, which has a constitution that provides for the succession to be through Roman Catholic houses.

In the following twenty years, the Provisional Irish Republican Army and other smaller republican groups such as the Irish National Liberation Army ( INLA ) mounted an armed campaign against the British, by which they meant the RUC, the British Army, the Ulster Defence Regiment ( UDR ) of the British Army ( and, according to their critics, the Protestant and unionist establishment ).

Steps towards reconciliation on a global level were taken in 1965 by the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches mutually revoking the excommunications that marked their Great Schism in 1054 ; the Anglican Roman Catholic International Commission ( ARCIC ) working towards full communion between those churches since 1970 ; and the Lutheran and Roman Catholic churches signing The Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification in 1999 to address conflicts at the root of the Protestant Reformation.

The radicals saw parliamentary reform as a first step toward dealing with their many grievances, including the treatment of Protestant Dissenters, the slave trade, high prices and high taxes.

For example, in 1988 the United Church of Canada, that country's largest Protestant denomination, affirmed that " a ) All persons, regardless of their sexual orientation, who profess Jesus Christ and obedience to Him, are welcome to be or become full member of the Church ; and b ) All members of the Church are eligible to be considered for the Ordered Ministry.

The following year, the people of Bohemia rebelled against their monarch, choosing to crown Frederick V of the Palatinate, and leader of the Protestant Union in his stead.

According to Cynthia Stewart, during the Reformation, the Protestant reformers used " the founding myths of Christianity " to critique the church of their time.

Most Protestant communities, including Reformed, Evangelical, Methodist, the Church of Sweden, and Anglicans practice open communion in the sense of not limiting it to members of their own Church alone, but some of them require that the communicant be a baptized person or a member of a partner church.

The German Protestant theologian Martin Luther saw a parallel between Paul and Christ in their work of reconciliation, which is also in fact contained within the concept of Christian Grace.

From the late 20th century onwards, such conservative Protestant Christians, and their churches and social movements, have often been called evangelical to distinguish them from other Protestants.

It is interesting to note, however, that according to Professor Dick Geary the Nazis gained a larger share of their vote in Protestant areas than in Catholic areas, in the elections held between 1928 and November 1932.

Additionally, the Statutes of Iona were promulgated in 1609 to force an end to the Clan warfare between the MacLeods of Dunvegan and the MacDonalds of Eigg and Sleat as well as to create a more receptive path for Reformation and Protestantism by forcing the Chiefs of the Clans to encourage its spread and to finance the provisioning of Protestant minsters in their lands.

A convention of Irish Protestant Churches in Dublin in May 1922 signed a resolution placing " on record " that " hostility to Protestants by reason of their religion has been almost, if not wholly, unknown in the twenty-six counties in which Protestants are in the minority.

The abundant use and veneration historically accorded images in the Roman Catholic Church was a point of contention for Protestant reformers, who varied in their attitudes toward images.

Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the " world ground " in which all things find their unity: it has been widely accepted by Protestant theologians.

When the property of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin was secularized during the Protestant Reformation in 1534, their secular reign including the Kolberg area became intermediately ruled by a Lutheran titular bishop, before it was turned into a Sekundogenitur of the House of Pomerania.