Protons ( H < sup >+</ sup >) are transported across the proton exchange membrane-often made from Nafion-to the cathode where they react with oxygen to produce water.

Protons are transferred across a series of hydrogen bond s between hydronium ion s and water molecule s.

Protons have a positive charge and a mass 1, 836 times that of the electron, at, although this can be reduced by changes to the energy binding the proton into an atom.

Protons can also interact with the nucleus of the atoms in the sample through elastic collisions, Rutherford backscattering, often repelling the proton at angles close to 180 degrees.

Protons may also be used in radiosurgery in a procedure called Proton Beam Therapy ( PBT ) or simply proton therapy.

Protons are produced by a medical synchrotron or cyclotron, extracting them from proton donor materials and accelerating them in successive travels through a circular, evacuated conduit or cavity, using powerful magnets, until they reach sufficient energy ( usually about 200 MeV ) to enable them to approximately traverse a human body, then stop.

Protons and electrons bear opposite electrical charges which make them attract each other, and when they are joined they make up an atom of hydrogen -- the basic building block of matter.

These he interpreted as " negative-energy electrons " and attempted to identify them with protons in his 1930 paper A Theory of Electrons and Protons However, these " negative-energy electrons " turned out to be positrons, and not protons.

Protons bind at various places on the protein, while carbon dioxide binds at the α-amino group.

Protons in different tissues return to their equilibrium state at different relaxation rates.

Protons and neutrons are most important and best known for constituting atomic nuclei, but they can also be found on their own, not part of a larger nucleus.

This is a very important fact in nuclear physics: Protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus cannot all be in the same quantum state, but instead they spread out into nuclear shells analogous to electron shells in chemistry.

Atomic level – Protons, neutrons, and electrons 4.

All Protons are built at the Khrunichev plant in Moscow, and then transported for launch to the Baikonur Cosmodrome, where they are brought to the launch pad horizontally and then raised into vertical position for launch.

In addition, the launch pad can supply existing Protons with common hypergol fuels from single sources.

However, delays in Angara development mean that Protons will continue to fly for some time.

Protons are charged particles and are therefore influenced by magnetic fields.

Protons are generated in an ion source, which can have many different designs.

Protons consist of two up quarks and one down quark, while antiprotons consist of the corresponding antiquarks.

During this short stay at Harvard Wilson published a seminal paper, " Radiological Use of Fast Protons ", which essentially founded the field of Proton therapy.

Protons on the SO < sub > 3 </ sub > H ( sulfonic acid ) groups " hop " from one acid site to another.

Protons and neutrons, being distinct types of particles, occupy different quantum states.

* " Use of Protons for Radiotherapy ", A. M. Koehler, Proc.

* " Protons in Radiation Therapy: comparative Dose Distributions for Protons, Photons and Electrons, A. M. Koehler, W. M.

In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place.

In addition to the Sec and accessory-Sec systems, some Gram-positive bacteria contain the Tat-system that is able to translocate folded proteins across the membrane.

BH-3 only members of the Bcl-2 family engage exclusively anti-apoptotic members of the family ( Bcl-2, Bcl-xL ), allowing Bak and Bax to translocate to the outer mitochondrial membrane, thus permeabilizing it and facilitating release of pro-apoptotic proteins such as cytochrome c and Smac / DIABLO, an antagonist of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins ( IAPs ).

ADH binds to principal cells in the collecting duct that translocate aquaporins to the membrane, allowing water to leave the normally impermeable membrane and be reabsorbed into the body by the vasa recta, thus increasing the plasma volume of the body.

The involvement of the proteasome in this process is indicated by both the increase in protein ubiquitination, and of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes that is observed well in advance of apoptosis, During apoptosis, proteasomes localized to the nucleus have also been observed to translocate to outer membrane blebs characteristic of apoptosis.

The translocon can also translocate and integrate membrane proteins in the correct orientation into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.

The mechanism of exercise on improving insulin sensitivity is not well understood however it is thought that exercise causes the glucose receptor GLUT4 to translocate to the membrane.

JAK kinase phosphorylates STAT proteins, which dissociate from the receptor and translocate to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.

Activation of the type 1 receptor leads to phosphorylation of Smad proteins, which translocate to the nucleus to activate gene expression.

Some species can rapidly change colour through mechanisms that translocate pigment and reorient reflective plates within chromatophores.

Many species have the ability to translocate the pigment inside chromatophores, resulting in an apparent change in colour.

Neurochemicals that are known to translocate pigment include noradrenaline, through its receptor on the surface on melanophores.

Rho binds to RNA and then uses its ATPase activity to provide the energy to translocate along the RNA until it reaches the RNA-DNA helical region, where it unwinds the hybrid duplex structure.

It has successfully bred more than 60 western quolls, most of which it transferred to Julimar Conservation Park, with proposals to translocate to Wheatbelt reserves and Shark Bay.

The binding of dNTPs causes a conformational change which allows the dnaB to translocate along the DNA, thus mechanically forcing the separation of the DNA strands.

A dairy cow might have about 3 g calcium circulating in the bloodstream, and with the onset of lactation, she may translocate more than 20 g of calcium to colostrum within a few hours, imposing sudden high demand for mobile calcium during a period when she may be eating very little.

As they are synthesized, these proteins translocate into the ER lumen, where they are glycosylated and where molecular chaperones aid protein folding.

Legionella pneumophila, the causing agent of legionellosis ( Legionnaires ' disease ) utilizes a type IVB secretion system, known as the icm / dot ( intracellular multiplication / deffect in organelle trafficking genes ) system, to translocate numerous effector proteins into its eukaryotic host.

PER and TIM proteins then accumulate in the cytoplasm, translocate into the nucleus at night, and turn off their own transcription, thereby setting up a 24-hour oscillation of transcription and translation.

A conservation strategy is in place on the island to translocate chicks to an area where the main threats have been removed called the Sweetwater Secure Breeding Site.

Proteins often have sorting signals, either transport signals or retention signals, specifying if a protein will translocate to another compartment within the cell or is retained in the current, membrane-bound, compartment in which it is already located respectively.

Also, since plants have been shown to absorb and translocate the complex organic molecules of systemic insecticides, they can no longer discredit the idea that plants may be able to absorb the soluble forms of humus ; this may in fact be an essential process for the uptake of otherwise insoluble iron oxides.

As plants are able to translocate and accumulate particular types of contaminants, plants can be used as biosensors of subsurface contamination, thereby allowing investigators to quickly delineate contaminant plumes.

One type of AAA Proteins are AAA Proteases, where the energy from ATP hydrolysis is used to translocate a Protein inside the Protease for degradation.

Because of this sharp decline in population, on Stewart Island, several attempts have been made to translocate the Stewart Island robin to other islands nearby where introduced predators do not exist or have been eradicated.

Negative feedback is achieved by PER: CRY heterodimers that translocate back to the nucleus to repress their own transcription by inhibiting the activity of the CLOCK: BMAL1 complexes.