Indeed this, together with the grid pattern of the streets, is what one would expect in Prussia ’ s chief garrison city.

On 16 October, the first day of a new offensive against East Prussia, the regiment ’ s pilots claimed 29 enemy aircraft destroyed without loss.

Separated from Prussia, whose state and army leadership withdrew headlong to the east, left without any information concerning Prussian intentions, and with Napoleon ’ s troops about to occupy Saxony, Frederick Augustus had to conclude peace.

A & M Heine, her father's firm, helped finance Napoleon III ’ s war with Prussia.

When King Frederick William IV of Prussia heard of this, he sent Prussia ’ s then curator of historic monuments, Ferdinand von Quast, to salvage whatever could be saved.

Under border changes promulgated at the Potsdam Conference in 1945, northern East Prussia, including Gumbinnen, became part of the Russian Federation, and the town ’ s name was changed to Gusev, in honor of a Red Army captain, Sergei Ivanovich Gusev, who was killed in action near Gumbinnen in January 1945.

The King of Prussia was approached by Castlereagh offering to back Prussia ’ s annexation of Saxony by Britain and Austria in return for Prussia ’ s backing of an independent Poland.

In the last year of Gustav ’ s life, 1560, the ancient Livonian Order, had by the secularization of the latter order into the dukedom of Prussia, 1525, had become isolated between hostile Slavonians.

The new Kingdom of Prussia was very poor — still having not fully recovered from the devastation of the Thirty Years ’ War — and its territory was scattered across over: from the lands of the Duchy of Prussia on the south-east coast of the Baltic Sea, to the Hohenzollern heartland of Brandenburg, to the exclaves of Cleves, Mark and Ravensberg in the Rhineland.

The remainder of the kingdom was occupied by French troops ( at Prussia ’ s expense ) and the king was obliged to make an alliance with France and join the Continental System.

Prussia ’ s reward for its part in France's defeat came at the Congress of Vienna, where Prussia was granted most of its lost territories and considerably more, including 40 % of the Kingdom of Saxony and much of the Rhineland.

But there were two other reasons why he refused: to do so would have done little to end the internal power struggle between Austria and Prussia, and all Prussian kings ( up to and including William I ) feared that the formation of a German Empire would mean the end of Prussia ’ s independence within the German states.

After the Partitions of Poland, Czeladź since 1815 belonged to the Russian-controlled Congress Poland, and the town was located on the border with Kingdom of Prussia ’ s province of Silesia.

His international concerns were centered in Europe, where he had to watch both Napoleon III ’ s ambitions in Europe and Bismarck ’ s rise in Prussia.

No proof exists that Himmler wanted a Grail castle, but redesign of the castle by the SS referred to certain characters in the legends of the Grail: for example, one of the arranged study rooms was named Gral (" Grail "), and others, König Artus (" King Arthur "), König Heinrich (" King Henry "), Heinrich der Löwe (" Henry the Lion "), Widukind, Christoph Kolumbus (" Christopher Columbus "), Arier (" Aryan "), Jahrlauf (" course of the seasons "), Runen (" runes "), Westfalen (" Westphalia "), Deutscher Orden (" Teutonic Order "), Reichsführerzimmer (" Room of the Empires Leader ( s )"; " Reichsführer-SS ", or " the Empire's Leader of the SS " was Himmler's title ), Fridericus ( probably in reference to Frederick II of Prussia ), tolle Christian ( probably referring to Christian the Younger of Brunswick, Bishop of Halberstadt ), and Deutsche Sprache (" German language ").

In conjunction with Germany ’ s defeat in World War I, William II was forced to abdicate both as German Emperor and as King of Prussia.

The Grand Master then journeyed to Wittenberg, where he was advised by Martin Luther to abandon the rules of his Order, to marry, and to convert Prussia into a hereditary duchy for himself.

After some delay Sigismund assented to the offer, with the provision that Prussia should be treated as a Polish fiefdom ; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a treaty concluded at Kraków, Albert pledged a personal oath to Sigismund I and was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs on 10 February 1525.

Albert also paid for the printing of the Astronomical " Prutenic Tables " compiled by Erasmus Reinhold and the first maps of Prussia by Caspar Hennenberger.

As the great grandson of the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon, and as a Duke in Prussia who was fluent in Polish, Albert Frederick was seriously considered for a time as a possible candidate for the Polish throne.

In 1806 Prussia ceded Ansbach and the Principality of Ansbach to Bavaria in exchange for the Bavarian duchy of Berg.

Bunge & Born was founded in 1884 by Ernesto Bunge, a German Argentine whose uncle, Carl Bunge, had been Consul General in Argentina for both the Netherlands and Prussia, and his brother-in-law, Jorge Born, who had recently arrived from Antwerp.

In the service of the Russian Empire, Clausewitz helped negotiate the Convention of Tauroggen ( 1812 ), which prepared the way for the coalition of Prussia, Russia, and the United Kingdom that ultimately defeated Napoleon and his allies.

:" Also in another volume from the times of Pope John XV, Dagome, lord, and Ote, lady, and their sons Misico and Lambert ( I do not know of which nation those people are, but I think they are Sardinians, for those are ruled by four judges ) were supposed to give to Saint Peter one state in whole which is called Schinesghe, with all its lands in borders which run along the long sea, along Prussia to the place called Rus, thence to Kraków and from said Kraków to the River Oder, straight to a place called Alemure, and from said Alemure to the land of Milczanie, and from the borders of that people to the Oder and from that, going along the River Oder, ending at the earlier mentioned city of Schinesghe.

In historic Prussia, an important motivation for the invention of Kindergarten was to foster national unity by teaching a national language while children were young enough that learning a language was easy.

In 1226 Duke Konrad I of Masovia summoned the Teutonic Knights for assistance ; by 1230 they had secured Chełmno ( Culm ) and begun claiming conquered territories for themselves under the authority of the Holy Roman Empire, although these claims were rejected by the Poles, whose ambition had been to conquer Prussia all along.

The German-language Elbinger Rechtsbuch, written in Elbing, Prussia documented among other laws for the first time Polish common law.

For assistance against the Order, the Confederation asked for help from King Casimir IV of Poland ; Casimir's subsequent claiming of Prussia led to the Thirteen Years ' War.

In 1813, for the fourth and final time, Austria turned against France and joined Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Sweden in their war against Napoleon.

The Congress was a personal triumph for Francis, where he hosted the assorted dignitaries in comfort, though Francis undermined his allies Tsar Alexander and Frederick William III of Prussia by negotiating a secret treaty with the restored French king Louis XVIII.

He dictated the manual of Regulations for State Officials, containing 35 chapters and 297 paragraphs in which every public servant in Prussia could find his duties precisely set out: a minister or councillor failing to attend a committee meeting, for example, would lose six months ' pay ; if he absented himself a second time, he would be discharged from the royal service.

In short, Frederick William I concerned himself with every aspect of his relatively small country, planning to satisfy all that was needed for Prussia to defend itself.

For Prussia, which constituted the bulk of Germany in any event, Hitler reserved these rights for himself and delegated them to Prussian minister-president Hermann Göring.

* 1920: Gdingen ( now named Gdynia ), along with other parts of former West Prussia, became a part of the new Republic of Poland ; simultaneously, the city of Danzig and surrounding area was declared a free city and put under the League of Nations, though Poland was given economic liberties and requisitioned for matters of foreign representation.

In 1698 Handel played for Frederick I of Prussia and met Giovanni Battista Bononcini in Berlin.

His empire collapsed after an embarrassing defeat for France at the hands of Prussia in which he was captured.

The rivalry between Prussia and Austria for the leadership of Germany began

This gave the start to the rivalry between Prussia and Austria for the leadership of Germany.

The port city of Danzig () was declared a free city, due to its close ties to both Poland and the Kingdom of Prussia, thus economically vital to Poland as it had been in the 16th century, but with a German majority.

Thanks to its worth, Prussia is able to compete economically with Spain, a country twice its size with a capital worth not even a quarter as much.

From the Gramsci analysis derived the political science denotation of hegemony as leadership ; thus, the historical example of Prussia as the militarily and culturally predominant province of the German Empire ( Second Reich 1871 – 1918 ); and the personal and intellectual predominance of Napoleon Bonaparte upon the French Consulate ( 1799 – 1804 ).