Psychologists have also not been successful in showing how from induction or psychological processes we can justify the absolute certainty of logical principles, such as the principles of identity and non-contradiction.

The American Psychological Association's code of conduct states: " Psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination ," but also: " Psychologists are aware that special safeguards may be necessary to protect the rights and welfare of persons or communities whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision making.

Psychologists usually regard self-esteem as an enduring personality characteristic (" trait " self-esteem ), though normal, short-term variations (" state " self-esteem ) also exist.

Psychologists often associate these with particular categories of mental disorders, especially personality disorders, as classified in the U. S. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( this manual is also used in other countries, although the forms of personality disorders can be somewhat different in different countries, reflecting ethnic differences and differences in social systems ).

Robinson also has a purpose-built conference centre, twenty miles west of Cambridge at Wyboston on the border with Bedfordshire, which is used both for one-off meetings and for regular events such as the annual conference of the Association of Business Psychologists.

Psychologists, political scientists, sociologists, and evolutionary biologists also now use HRAF to test universal hypotheses.

Psychologists consider that there are various ways in which religion may benefit both physical and mental health, including encouraging healthy lifestyles, providing social support networks and encouraging an optimistic outlook on life ; prayer and meditation may also help to benefit physiological functioning.

He also lectured frequently in England, France and the Netherlands, and was a member of the International Association for Analytical Psychology and president of the Israel Association of Analytical Psychologists.

" Psychologists also think that cognitive maps are instance based, which accounts for " discriminative matching to past experience.

PGH Psychologists are also active in hospital administration, program evaluation, performance improvement, and risk management activities.

At the same time, female psychologists ( who were excluded from the war effort ) formed the National Council of Women Psychologists with the purpose of helping communities deal with the stresses of war and giving young mothers advice on child rearing.

Psychologists have been intrigued by De Palma's fascination with pathology, by the aberrant behavior aroused in characters who find themselves manipulated by others.

North American efforts include the 1993 founding of RadPsyNet Radical Psychology Network, the 1997 publication of Critical Psychology: An Introduction ( edited by Dennis Fox and Isaac Prilleltensky ; expanded 2009 edition edited by Dennis Fox, Isaac Prilleltensky, and Stephanie Austin ), and the action-focused PsyACT ( Psychologists Acting with Conscience Together ).

Psychologists have the problem of confusing intentional activities with the object of these activities.

Psychologists note that " Serious problems with the clinical utility of both the ICD and the DSM are widely acknowledged.

* Psychologists are more likely to diagnose women than men with borderline or histrionic personality disorder.

* Psychologists are more likely to diagnose men than women with antisocial personality disorder and substance-abuse disorders.

* Stout, G. F., " Herbart Compared with English Psychologists and with Beneke ", Mind, Vol. 14, No. 53, ( January 1889 ), pp. 1 – 26.

Psychologists concerned with human communication, such as therapists, therefore often recommend that people should choose the right words to express their criticism.

Psychologists and educational specialists working on visual acuity used a tachistoscope to conclude that, with training, an average person could identify minute images flashed on the screen for only one five-hundredth of a second ( 2 ms ).

& Bruce, Martha ( 2000 ) Assessing Problems with Religious Content: A Comparison of Rabbis and Psychologists.

Psychologists ' reputation as assessment experts became solidified during World War I with the development of two intelligence tests, Army Alpha and Army Beta ( testing verbal and nonverbal skills, respectively ), which could be used with large groups of recruits.

Psychologists usually receive more thorough training in research methods, psychological assessment, and psychotherapeutic treatment, compared with psychiatrists.

* Psychologists questioning the value of psychotherapy alone in treating large numbers of people with mental illness

Psychologists writing about Buffy state that she is a candidate for an anxiety disorder, as most often people diagnosed with anxiety disorders worry and fixate on problems, behaviors which studies suggest are inherited.

Psychologists specifically trained in legal issues, as well as those with no formal training, are often called by legal parties to testify as expert witnesses.

Psychologists are experimenting with the use of heavy thick fleece blankets to replace restraints such as straight jackets.

Psychologists are hoping to use this technique to help people overcome phobias, calm down hyperactive children, and help children with stuttering problems to relax enough to practice regular speech.

The Sixty-First Texas Legislative Session established the Texas State Board of Examiners of Psychologists ( TSBEP ) in 1969 with passage of the “ Psychologists ' Certification and Licensing Act ,” V. T. C. S., Article 4512c.

Psychologists have found that the thwarted psychological expectation of revenge may lead to issues of victimhood.

He was president of the APA in 1937 and chairman of Lewin's Society for the Psychological Study of Social issues in 1940 ; he was a member of the Society of Experimental Psychologists and the National Academy of Sciences, and the APA gave him and award in 1957 for distinguished contributions.

Psychologists who focus on clinical issues often testify specifically about a defendant's competence, intelligence, etc.

Psychologists, however, have found that there is no strong evidence for effects on human behavior around the time of a full moon.

Psychologists, notably B. F. Skinner, are of the opinion that promises of punishment seem to play little or no role in deterrence of adult behavior.

Psychologists study phenomena such as perception, cognition, emotion, personality, behavior and interpersonal relationships.

Psychologists have been interested in the factors that are important in behavior change and control since psychology emerged as a discipline.

It is generally required that an MD, DO, PA, OD, DPM, NMD, ND, DVM, DDS, or DMD, some Psychologists ( see Medical Psychology ), clinical pharmacists, Nurse Practitioners and other APRNs write the prescription ; basic-level registered nurses, medical assistants, emergency medical technicians, most psychologists, and social workers as examples, do not have the authority to prescribe drugs.

Psychologists have studied self-efficacy from several perspectives, noting various paths to the development of self-efficacy ; the dynamics of self-efficacy, and lack thereof, in different settings ; interactions between self-efficacy and self-concept ; and habits of attribution that contribute to, or detract from, self-efficacy.

* The Humanitarian Award in 1990 from the Association of Lesbian and Gay Psychologists ;

* National Association of School Psychologists ( 2008 ): " Proactive aggression is typically reasoned, unemotional, and focused on acquiring some goal.

Psychologists in some Western Judeo-Christian quarters, as well as the US funeral industry, claim that by interring a body away from plain view, the pain of losing a loved one can be lessened.

Psychologists, researchers, and other authors have posited a number of possible explanations for the belief that some can provide valuable crime information from psychic abilities.

Wallace ( 2010 ) observes that the evolutionary psychologists ' definition of ' mind ' have been heavily influenced by cognitivism and / or information processing definitions of the mind Critics point out that these assumptions underlying Evolutionary Psychologists ’ hypotheses are controversial and have been contested by some psychologists, philosophers, and neuroscientists.

Psychologists since Weiner have distinguished between stable and unstable effort, knowing that in some circumstances effort could be seen as a stable cause ( especially given the presence of words such as " industrious " in English ).

Psychologists employed at public policy centers may attempt to influence legislative policy or may be called upon by state ( or national ) lawmakers to address some policy issue through empirical research.

Psychologists had been working in medical settings for some years previously in several countries such as the UK ( sometimes termed medical psychology ).

In some respect, Performance Psychologists are the chameleons of the practitioner world, having to adapt to very different performance domains and address a wide array of factors that infringe upon the performance in any given individual or group.

Psychologists Gertrude Gass and William C. Nichols use the term " gaslighting " to describe a dynamic observed in some cases of marital infidelity: " Therapists may contribute to the victim's distress through mislabeling the women's reactions.