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Punitive damages are awarded only in special cases where conduct was egregiously invidious and are over and above the amount of compensatory damages, such as in the event of malice or intent.
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Punitive and damages
Punitive damages awarded in a US case would be difficult to get recognition for in a European court, where punitive damages are most likely to be considered to violate ordre public.
Punitive damages or exemplary damages are damages intended to reform or deter the defendant and others from engaging in conduct similar to that which formed the basis of the lawsuit.
Punitive damages are often awarded where compensatory damages are deemed an inadequate remedy.
Punitive damages cannot generally be awarded in contract disputes.
Punitive damages can also be awarded for equitable wrongs.
Punitive damages are a settled principle of common law in the United States.
Punitive damages are usually reserved for when the defendant has displayed actual intent to cause harm ( such as purposefully rear-ending someone else's car ), rather than in cases of mere negligence.
Punitive damages are a focal point of the tort reform debate in the United States, where numerous highly publicized multi-million dollar verdicts have led to a fairly common perception that punitive damage awards tend to be excessive.
de: Punitive damages
# REDIRECT Punitive damages
Punitive damages may be awarded in case of an intentional and unlawful violation.
; Punitive damages
Punitive damages ( sums intended to punish the defendant ) may be awarded in addition to actual damages intended to compensate the plaintiff.
Punitive damages are only awarded in the event of wanton and reckless conduct.
Punitive damages have been completely eliminated in some states.
Punitive damages were reduced from $ 108 million to $ 4. 7 million.
Punitive damages serve the function in civil law that fines do in criminal law.
** Punitive damages
Punitive and are
Punitive damages may not be " grossly excessive "-if they are, then they violate substantive due process.
Punitive and only
Makhno escaped, but was soon forced into retreat as the full weight of the Red Army and the Cheka's Special Punitive Brigades was brought to bear against not only the Makhnovists, but all anarchists, even their admirers and sympathizers.
* Punitive Discharges – Bad Conduct Discharge issued by either Special Court Martial or General Court Martial only.
Punitive and special
# there was a ‘ special section ’ in the Anarchist Revolutionary Military Council constitution that dealt with disobedience and desertion " secretly and without mercy ” ( this objection was made in spite of the fact that Special Punitive Brigades of the Bolshevist Red Army had already been shooting deserters and members of their families since 1918 );
Punitive and where
" Punitive psychiatry is neither a discrete subject nor a psychiatric specialty but, rather, it is a disciplinary function arising within many applied sciences in totalitarian countries where members of a profession may feel themselves compelled to service the diktats of power.
Punitive and was
Under Commissar Jānis K. Bērziņš, the Special Punitive Brigades took hostages from the villages of deserters, to compel their surrender ; one in ten was executed.
He was involved in the Mexican Punitive Expedition.
This was known as the Punitive Mexican Expedition or Pancho Villa Expedition.
The operation was named Benin Punitive Expedition, and on 9 February 1897 the invasion of Benin kingdom began ,.
He was adjutant of the Mexican Punitive Expedition in 1916-17 under General John J. Pershing.
Spaatz served in the First Aero Squadron which was attached to General John J. Pershing during the Punitive Expedition.
The regiment was mobilized on 23 June 1916 and served along the Mexican border for five months as part of the Mexican Punitive Expedition under General John J. Pershing, although no National Guard units fought Mexican troops.
The leader of the commission was Alexandr Podrabinek who published a book Punitive Medicine containing a " white list " of two hundred of prisoners of conscience in Soviet mental hospitals and a " black list " of over one hundred medical staff and doctors who took part in committing people to psychiatric facilities for political reasons.
The State of Missouri sued Ameren for Actual and Punitive Damages alleging Ameren was reckless in its operation of the plant.
Whilst with the Forte he was involved in the Punitive Expedition of 1897 in Benin.
The famed Benin City, destroyed by the Punitive Expedition, was a large complex of homes in coursed mud, with hipped roofs of shingles or palm leaves.
In 1916, the regiment was posted to McAllen, Texas along the Mexican border during the Punitive expedition.
Punitive and over
The Boston Port Act ( the Trade Act 1774 ) is an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which became law on March 1, 1774, and is one of the measures ( variously called the Intolerable Acts, the Punitive Acts or the Coercive Acts ) that were designed to secure Great Britain's jurisdictions over her American dominions.
It is one of the measures ( variously called the Intolerable Acts, the Punitive Acts or the Coercive Acts by those whose political agenda ran contrary to Parliament's ) that were designed to secure Britain's jurisdiction over the American dominions.
Punitive and above
* Punitive interest up to 10 % above base rate against the defendant ;
Punitive and such
* Punitive supersessionism is represented by figures such as Hippolytus, Origen, and Luther.
Punitive Turkish nationalist exclusivist measures, such as a 1932 parliamentary law, barred Greek citizens living in Turkey from a series of 30 trades and professions from tailoring and carpentry to medicine, law and real estate.
Punitive and .
Approximately 500, 000 deserters were arrested in 1919 and close to 800, 000 in 1920, by troops of the ' Special Punitive Department ' of the Cheka, created to punish desertions.
To politically control the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural Red Army soldiery, the Cheka operated Special Punitive Brigades which suppressed anti-communism, deserters, and enemies of the state.
On campaign, the attached Cheka Special Punitive Brigades conducted summary field courts martial and executions of deserters and slackers.
* February 18 – Benin is put to the torch by the Punitive Expedition.
* 1916-Pancho Villa raid into America ; the Mexican Punitive Expedition under John J. Pershing chases Villa deep into Mexico ; verge of war
He served during the Mexican Punitive Expedition, as an Aide de Camp to MG George Bell, Jr. at Fort Bliss, Texas.
In the " Punitive Expedition ", a 1, 200 strong British force, under the command of Admiral Sir Harry Rawson, conquered and razed the city after all but two men from a previous British expeditionary force led by Acting Consul General Philips were killed.
Historical fiction about the Benin Punitive expedition.
In 1897, the British launched a Punitive Expedition, sacked Benin city and exiled Oba Ovonramwen, taking control of the area in order to establish the British colony of Nigeria.
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