The founder of the Reconstructionist Movement, Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan defines Judaism as an evolving religious civilization.

* The Levush Malkhut (" Levush ") of Rabbi Mordecai Yoffe ( c. 1530-1612 ).

" In 1945 the Union of Orthodox Rabbis " formally assembled to excommunicate from Judaism what it deemed to be the community's most heretical voice: Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan, the man who eventually would become the founder of Reconstructionist Judaism.

* Video: Rabbi Prof. David Hartman lectures about Mordecai Kaplan

Reconstructionism was developed by Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan ( 1881 – 1983 ) and his son-in-law, Rabbi Ira Eisenstein ( 1906 – 2001 ), over a period of time spanning from the late 1920s to the 1940s.

The recent case of Rabbi Mordecai Tendler, the first rabbi to be expelled from the Rabbinical Council of America following allegations of sexual harassment, illustrated the importance of clarification of Orthodox halakha in this area.

It was on this basis that Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan called for the full equality of women and men, despite the obvious difficulties reconciling this stance with norms of traditional Jewish practice.

Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan, who developed Reconstructionist Judaism and taught at the Conservative Jewish Theological Seminary of America, also rejected the idea of a personal God, Kaplan instead thought of God " as a force, like gravity, built into the very structure of the universe ," believing that " since the universe is constructed to enable us to gain personal happiness and communal solidarity when we act morally, it follows that there is a moral force in the universe ; this force is what the Constructionists mean by God ," although some Reconstructionists do believe in a personal God.

Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan wrote that " to believe in God means to take for granted that it is man's destiny to rise above the brute and to eliminate all forms of violence and exploitation from human society.

Rabbi Mordecai Atiyah was a leading advocate of this idea.

Perhaps the most controversial form of Jewish philosophy that developed in the early 20th century was the religious naturalism of Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan.

Famous alumni include Arik Einstein, Tony Cliff, Ernest Mandel, Mordecai Anielewicz, Abraham Leon, Benny Morris, Eliane Karp, Leopold Trepper, Amnon Linn, Zahara Rubin, Abba Hushi, Sam Spiegel, Irv Weinstein, Manès Sperber, Leon Rosselson, José Gurvich, Milo Adler Gilles and even Isser Harel and Menachem Begin who were briefly members before joining Mapai and the right wing Betar respectively, as well as Kerem B ' Yavneh's Rabbi Avraham Rivlin.

Both versions are based on the Aleppo codex, but Mechon Mamre's edition is based on the editing method of Rabbi Mordecai Breuer, which differs slightly from the Mikra ' ot Gedolot Haketer edition in some small details.

Mordecai ben Avraham Yoffe ( or Jaffe or Joffe ) ( c. 1530, Prague-March 7, 1612, Posen ; Hebrew: מרדכי בן אברהם יפה ) was a Rabbi, Rosh yeshiva and posek.

***** Mordecai David Kahane ( 1932-2011 ), Spinka Rebbe of Jerusalem-son of Rabbi Joseph Meir

* Zafo ha-Zafit ( צפה הצפית ) by Rabbi Mordecai Rabinovitch of Yeshivat Birkat Moshe, published by Me -` Aliyot.

by Rabbi Mordecai Kornfeld

He married Elkele Spira, daughter of Rabbi Isaac Spira, and they lived in Hamburg for two years with Mordecai ha-Kohen, Elkele's maternal grandfather.

The Divrei Chaim had fourteen children ; his seven sons were: Rabbi Yechezkel Shraga Halberstam ( 1814 – 1898 ) of Shinive ; Rabbi Duvid Halberstam ( 1821 – 1894 ) of Kshaniv ; Rabbi Myer Nosson Halberstam ( 1827 – 1855 ), father of Rabbi Shlomo Halberstam, the first Bobover Rebbe ; Rabbi Boruch Halberstam ( 1829 – 1906 ) of Gorlice ( Gorlitz ); Rabbi Aharon Halberstam, his successor in Nowy Sącz ; Rabbi Shulem Lazer Halberstam of Ratzfert ( 1862 – 1944 ), who was murdered by the Nazis in the Holocaust ; Rabbi Yeshaye Halberstam of Czchów ( Tshkhoiv ) ( 1864 – 1944 ), who was also murdered by the Nazis ; and seven daughters ; among them a daughter Reitza who married Rabbi Mordecai Dov Twerski, the Admor of Hornsteipl.

While Rabbi Kaplan defines Judaism as a civilization, there are many who would not agree, citing millennia of religious tradition and observance as more than simple civilization.

An example of how different views of the origin of Jewish law inform Conservative approaches to interpreting that law involves the CJLS's acceptance of Rabbi Elie Kaplan Spitz's responsum decreeing the Biblical category of mamzer as " inoperative ", in which The CJLS adopted the Responsum's view that of how, in the Conservative view of Halakha, the " morality which we learn through the unfolding narrative of our tradition " informs the application of Mosaic law:

Kaplan was born in Švenčionys, Lithuania, to Rabbi Israel and Haya ( Anna ) Kaplan.

Rabbi Kaplan was born in the Bronx, New York City, to the Sefardi Recanati family of Salonika, Greece.

Kaplan received semicha from some of Israel's foremost rabbinic authorities, including Rabbi Eliezer Yehuda Finkel.

Working together, Kaplan and Rosenfeld translated and annotated Rabbi Nachman's Tikkun ( based on the Tikkun HaKlali ).

At Rosenfeld's suggestion, Kaplan also produced the first-ever English translation of Sichot HaRan (" Rabbi Nachman's Wisdom "), which Rosenfeld edited.

* The Jewish Court System by Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan

* Rabbi Avrohom Eliyahu Kaplan of Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary in Berlin, Germany

Traditional and current Orthodox thought have mainly held that the Messiah will be the anointed one ( messiah ), descended from his father through the Davidic line of King David via Solomon ( See Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan ), who will gather the Jews back into the Land of Israel, usher in an era of peace, build the Third Temple, have a male heir and re-institute the Sanhedrin, among other things.

In 2006 Sherman was married to Lisa Kaplan by the senior Rabbi of Valley Beth Shalom, Rabbi Eddie Feinstein.

Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan provides an alternate explanation that focuses on how people will act after the Messianic Age arrives.

The dissenters, who included Rabbi Joel Roth as well as a partial concurrence by Rabbi Daniel Nevins, argued for reaffirming the classical halakhic framework in which human decrees inform and often limit but never wholly abrogate law believed to be of Divine origin, stating that " we should acknowledge that God's law is beyond our authority to eliminate ", but should continue the traditional approach of applying strict evidentiary rules and presumptions that tend to render enforcement unlikely.

Originally she was believed to be either Rabbi Meir's wife mentioned above, or Rabbi Chaninyah's daughter mentioned above, however over the past 3-4 centuries Rabbinic scholars have realized that these generations do not correspond to Beruryah's law decisions, and life, therefore she today is just ' Beruryah ' and of heretofore unknown lineage.

In 1929, Einstein was asked in a telegram by Rabbi Herbert S. Goldstein whether he believed in God.

In the Ashkenazi community of Eastern Europe, later religious authorities including the Vilna Gaon ( d. 1797 ) and Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi ( d. 1812 ) ( The Baal HaTanya ) believed in the authenticity of the Zohar.

* In the novel Keeping Faith by Jodi Picoult, the main character, Faith White, is believed to be one of the Lamed Vovnik by Rabbi Solomon.

Rabbi Schneerson believed that the American public was seeking to learn more about their Jewish heritage.

Rabbi Schneerson believed that Jews need not be on the defensive, but need to be on the ground building Jewish institutions, day schools and synagogues.

Some of Rabbi Schneerson's followers believed he was the Jewish Messiah, the " Moshiach ," and have persisted in that belief since his death.

But Rabbi Finkel believed that, while this might have been true in previous generations, the modern age was different.

Yet Rabbi Jose also believed that Ezekiel 40: 1 marked the beginning of the seventeenth Jubilee, and this was 14 years after the city fell.

In the past, the local people were scared whenever they passed this grave during the night, while others used to kiss its walls and ask the dead Rabbi to heal them and their relatives because it was believed that the Rabbi used to heal people from certain diseases.

The Kuzari by Rabbi Yehuda Halevi ( c. 1075-1141 ), understood these references in Talmud as referring to Jesus of Nazareth and based on them believed that Jesus of Nazareth lived 130 years prior to the date that Christians believe he lived, contradicting the Gospels ' account regarding the chronology of Jesus.

Rabbi Salanter believed that accomplishment in spiritual growth is not limited to rabbinic figures but is also the realm of the ordinary layman.

The Chief Rabbi, Sir Jonathan Sacks, and the head of the London Beth Din, Dayan Chanoch Ehrentreu, responded that, because of what they considered to be Jacobs's heretical beliefs, " they believed that had Jacobs uttered the words ' Our God who gave us the Torah of truth ', he would have made a false statement ".

Some of the leading sages of the Sanhedrin supported a rebellion ( and, for a short time, an independent state ) led by Simon bar Kozeba ( also called Bar Kochba, or " son of a star "); some, such as Rabbi Akiba, believed Bar Kochbah to be messiah, or king.

The " French " recension is in Aramaic, and is believed by many scholars to be the original version, though the contrary is strongly urged by Rabbi Israel Moses Hazan.

Priesand was ordained on June 3, 1972, by Glueck's successor as HUC-JIR's president Rabbi Alfred Gottschalk at Plum Street Temple in Cincinnati, making her the first woman to be ordained as a rabbi in the United States and believed to be only the second woman ever to be formally ordained in the history of Judaism.

Josephus and the Avot of Rabbi Natan state that the king believed Jehoiachin was held by his father without cause, and thus decided to release him upon the latter's death.

Rabbi Sacks made remarks at an inter-faith reception attended by the Queen, in November 2011, in which he criticised what he believed to be the selfish consumer culture that has only brought unhappiness.

Maymin is a surname believed to be derived from the name Maimonides, a Rabbi of the 12th century.

It is popularly believed that if one donates or offers 18 rotels of liquid refreshment ( grape juice, wine, soda or even water ) to those attending the celebrations at Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai's tomb on Lag BaOmer, then the giver will be granted miraculous salvation.