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Radama abolished the traditional trial by ordeal of tangena, in which the guilt or innocence of an accused person was determined based on the outcome of consuming the poison of the tangena nut, and inhabitants of Antananarivo were permitted to raise swine within the city walls, a practice previously forbidden by a fady ( taboo ) forbidding them from being kept near the royal talismans ( sampy ).
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Radama and traditional
After his mother succeeded Radama I on the throne, she instituted an increasingly regressive regime that attempted to restore traditional values and contain or eliminate westernization.
Radama and by
His ambition to bring the entire island under his control was largely achieved by his son and successor, King Radama I ( 1810 – 28 ).
Succeeding his mother, Radama II ( 1861 – 63 ) attempted to relax the queen's stringent policies, but was overthrown two years later by Prime Minister Rainivoninahitriniony ( 1852 – 1865 ) and an alliance of noble courtiers, who sought to end the absolute power of the monarch.
Then, his son and successor Radama I ( reigning 1810 – 1828 ) opened his country to European influence exerted mainly by the British.
Thus, starting from 1817, the central Merina kingdoms, Betsileo, Bezanozano, and Sihanaka, unified by Radama I was known to the outside world as the Kingdom of Madagascar.
Mauritius ’ s governor, to woo Madagascar from French control, recognized Radama I as King of Madagascar, a diplomatic maneuver meant to underscore the idea of the sovereignty of the island and thus to preclude claims by any European powers.
The 33-year reign of Queen Ranavalona I, the widow of Radama I, was characterized by a struggle to preserve the cultural and political sovereignty of Madagascar from French and English colonial designs.
In 1857, the queen uncovered a plot by her son ( the future Radama II ) and French nationals in the capital to remove her from power.
A council of princes headed by Rainilaiarivony approached Rabodo, the widow of Radama II, the day after the death of her husband.
The Anglo-Merina treaty of friendship was sealed by a blood oath between Radama and the British envoy Captain Le Sage in 1817.
During this time and with the help of the British support, Radama ’ s military became the dominant force allowing him to unify by force the island.
In a coup led by his Prime Minister, Rainivoninahitriniony, Radama II was strangled on May 12, 1863.
However, there soon emerged rumors – believed by prominent foreigners Jean Laborde and William Ellis – that Radama lived and was making plans to reclaim the throne.
The legalization of dueling was ultimately the issue that brought to a head the tension between King Radama II's entourage ( mostly friends and some established political figures, known collectively as the menamaso or " red-eyes ") and representatives of the opposition led by Radama's prime minister Rainivoninahitriniony.
On May 7, 1863, Radama II announced his intention to allow disputes to be settled by a duel, much to the disapproval of many of his advisers at court who feared the practice would lead to anarchy.
Friday afternoon, the prime minister's younger brother, Rainilaiarivony, who was head of the army, called several thousand troops into the city to besiege a number of the menamaso and members of the royal family at the Rova palace compound, and by Saturday morning the decision had been made and carried out to execute eleven of the menamaso and other key political figures who had counseled Radama to legalize dueling.
On Sunday, May 10, Rainivoninahitriniony demanded that Radama hand over the menamaso he was sheltering in the palace, which he refused to do until the Prime Minister agreed to spare their lives ; they were handed over but by Monday morning had all been speared to death.
Following Radama II's apparent death, rumors spread that he had only been rendered unconscious by the attempt on his life and had revived as his body was being transported to Ilafy for interment in his designated tomb.
However, Rainivoninahitriniony's progressives formed a majority in the Queen's Council and their advocacy for a moderately pro-European policy of modernization won out over the reversal of the policies of Radama II that were demanded by Rainijohary's conservatives.
The controversial Lambert Charter enacted by Radama II was declared void, much to the displeasure of France ; a sum of 240, 000 ariary (~ 1, 200, 000 French francs ) was paid to France in reparations for the breach of this lucrative trade agreement.
They were all eventually conquered and reorganized by Radama I.
* 1825-After Anosy was conquered by 4, 000 Imerina soldiers, they entered the French garrison at Fort Dauphin where they tore down the French flag and raised the Imerina King Radama I's instead.
Later the king rewarded the informant by marrying his daughter to the Crown Prince, future King Radama I.
Andrianampoinimerina was the first Merina King to establish formal civil and penal codes, the latter ameliorated and transcribed by his son Radama I.
Radama and which
In 1820 under the direction of David Jones, a Welsh missionary of the London Missionary Society, Radama I codified the new Malagasy Latin alphabet of 21 letters which replaced the old sorabe alphabet.
Radama II ( September 23, 1829 – May 12, 1863 dead ) was the son and heir of Queen Ranavalona I and ruled from 1861 to 1863 over the Kingdom of Madagascar, which controlled virtually the entire island.
Under the terms of the Lambert Charter, which Radama secretly contracted in 1855 with French entrepreneur Joseph-François Lambert while Ranavalona yet ruled, the French were awarded exclusive rights to the exploitation of large tracts of valuable land and other lucrative resources and projects.
Rasoherina acted as queen consort for only two years before her husband's political decisions succeeded in displeasing his ministers to such an extent that a coup was organized in which Radama II was believed assassinated.
His reign formed the basis for the unification of Madagascar, which was almost achieved under his son Radama I.
Radama and was
She then married his brother, Rainilaiarivony, head of the army at the time of Radama II's murder who was promoted to the post of Prime Minister upon the resignation and exile of his older brother.
Before Radama I the Malagasy language was written in a script known as sorabe.
Radama was prone to drinking heavily, and shortly before his death he displayed symptoms of advanced alcoholism as his health rapidly declined.
Radama was buried in a stone tomb on the grounds of the Rova of Antananarivo.
The public was informed that Radama had committed suicide and that his body had been unceremoniously interred in a tomb in Ilafy.
Radama II was born Prince Rakoto ( Rakotosehenondradama ) on September 23, 1829 in the Imasoandro building on the compound of the Rova of Antananarivo.
He was officially recognized as the son of King Radama I and his widow Queen Ranavalona I, although the king had died more than nine months before the prince's birth.
Ramboasalama was obliged to swear a public oath of allegiance to Radama, and was later sent into exile in the highland village of Ambohimirimo where he died in April 1962.
The next morning, it was publicly announced in the marketplace that Radama had taken his own life due to grief over the deaths of his compatriots the menamaso and that Rabodo would succeed him as Queen Rasoherina.
Within months after his reported death, rumors began circulating that Radama was alive, residing on the west coast of the island and was amassing supporters for a political comeback.
Radama and on
Among those who continued to reside in Imerina were Jean Laborde, an entrepreneur who developed munitions and other industries on behalf of the monarchy, and Joseph-François Lambert, with whom then-Prince Radama II signed a controversial trade agreement termed the Lambert Charter.
In his brief two years on the throne, King Radama II re-opened trade with Mauritius and Réunion, invited Christian missionaries and foreigners to return to Madagascar, and re-instated most of Radama I ’ s reforms.
Many of the rescued items have only recently been put on display There is a painting of Radama II standing next to the state crown and another of Queen Ranavalona III-the last monarch-wearing it.
They settled on an alliance with Radama that supported his rule and ensured a privileged position for the British in regards to trade.
Radama died prematurely on July 27, 1828, at his residence ( the Tranovola ).
A strong case has since been made on the basis of significant evidence that Radama may indeed have revived after the strangling and lived to old age in anonymity near Lake Kinkony in the northwestern part of the island.
Prince Rakoto acceded to the throne on August 16, 1861 upon the natural death of his mother, Queen Ranavalona I, assuming the throne name Radama II.
At the war ’ s end, Madagascar ceded Antsiranana ( Diégo Suarez ) on the northern coast to France and paid 560, 000 gold francs to the heirs of Joseph-François Lambert, a Frenchman who had been promised lucrative trade privileges under King Radama II that had later been revoked.
During his lifetime Coquerel wrote a number of articles and books, including an appendix on insects in Auguste Vinson's Voyage à Madagascar au couronnement de Radama II ( 1865 ).
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