Bukharin was tried in the Trial of the Twenty One on 2 – 13 March 1938 during the Great Purges, along with ex-premier Alexei Rykov, Christian Rakovsky, Nikolai Krestinsky, Genrikh Yagoda, and 16 other defendants alleged to belong to the so-called " Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites ".

His first wife, Olga, was shot on 11 September 1941 on Stalin's orders, in the Medvedev forest outside Oryol, together with Christian Rakovsky, Maria Spiridonova and 160 other prominent political prisoners.

In 1927 he visited the Soviet Union on the anniversary of the October Revolution, accompanied by Christian Rakovsky during the first stage of the journey ( Rakovsky was Soviet ambassador to Paris, and by then already falling out of favor with Joseph Stalin ).

Credited with having developed the Trotskyist critique of Stalinism as " bureaucratic centrism ", Rakovsky was subject to internal exile.

It was around that time that he became a Marxist, and began collaborating with the socialist journalist Evtim Dabev, whom he aided in printing works by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels ( at the time, Rakovsky and Sava Balabanov also published their own newspaper, the clandestine Zerkalo ).

At the time, Rakovsky and Balabanov, with Plekhanov's encouragement, stressed the importance for moderation in socialist policies — Sotsial-Demokrat rallied with the Bulgarian Social Democratic Union and rejected the more radical Social-Democratic Party of Bulgaria.

After completing his education as a physician at the University of Montpellier ( with the thesis L ' Éthiologie du crime et de la dégénérescence – " The Cause of Crime and Degeneration ", submitted in 1897 ), Rakovsky, who had married the Russian student E. P. Ryabova, was summoned to Romania in order to be drafted in the Romanian Army, and served as a medic in the 9th Cavalry Regiment stationed in Constanţa, Dobruja ( 1899 – 1900 ).

His close relationship with Plekhanov led Rakovsky to a position between the Menshevik and Bolshevik factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, one he kept from 1903 to 1917 ; the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin was initially hostile to Rakovsky, and at one point wrote to Karl Radek that " we Bolsheviks do not have the same road as his kind of people ".

Christian Rakovsky also traveled to Bulgaria, where he eventually sided with the Tesnyatsi in their conflict with other socialist groups.

His head was injured during street clashes with police forces over the Potemkin issue ; while recovering, Rakovsky befriended the Romanian poets Ştefan Octavian Iosif and Dimitrie Anghel, who were publishing works under a common signature — one of the two authored a sympathetic portrait of the socialist leader, based on his recollections from the early 1900s.

Throughout these years, Rakovsky, was, according to Iosif and Anghel, " continuously bustling ; disappearing and appearing in workers ' centers, be it in Brăila, be it in Galaţi, be it in Iaşi, be it anywhere, always preaching with the same undaunted fervor and fanatical conviction his social credo ".

Rakovsky was drawn into a polemic with the Romanian authorities, facing public accusations that, as a Bulgarian, he lacked patriotism ; in return, he commented that, if patriotism meant " race prejudice, international and civil war, political tyranny and plutocratic domination ", he refused to be identified with it.

After repeatedly condemning repression of the revolt, Rakovsky was, together with other socialists, officially accused of having agitated rebellious sentiment, and consequently expelled from Romanian soil ( late 1907 ).

Also according to Rakovsky, the arrest was hidden by the Ion I. C. Brătianu cabinet until it leaked to the press — this, coupled with rumors that he was about to be killed, and Brătianu's statement that he would " rather destroy than let back into Rumania ", caused a series of important street clashes between his supporters and government forces.

Rallying with the left wing of international social democracy during the early stages of World War I, Rakovsky later indicated that he had been purposely informed of the controversial pro-war stance taken by the Social Democratic Party of Germany by the pro-Entente Romanian Foreign Minister Emanuel Porumbaru.

Subsequently, together with the Italian Socialist delegates ( Oddino Morgari, Giacinto Menotti Serrati, and Angelica Balabanoff among them ), Rakovsky was instrumental in convening the anti-war international socialist Zimmerwald Conference in September 1915.

During the congress, he came into open conflict with Lenin, after the latter voiced the Zimmerwald Left's opposition to the resolution ( at one point, Rakovsky reportedly lost his temper and grabbed Lenin, causing him to temporarily leave the hall in protest ).

His anti-war activism almost got him arrested ; Rakovsky managed to flee in August, and was present in Stockholm for the Third Zimmerwald Conference ; he remained there and, with Karl Radek, issued propaganda material in support of the Russian revolutionaries.

Rakovsky later stated that he had friendly relations with the Bolsheviks from early autumn 1917, when, during the attempted putsch of Lavr Kornilov, he was hidden by these in Sestroretsk.

Initially stalled by a much-criticized temporary armistice with Romanian Army leader Alexandru Averescu, Rakovsky ordered a fresh offensive in Moldavia, but had to retreat when the Central Powers, confronted with Trotsky's refusal to accept their version of a Russo-German peace, began their own military operation and occupied Odessa ( setting free Romanians who had been imprisoned there ).

From left: Rakovsky, Leon Trotsky, and Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, during a meeting in Bucharest ( 1913 drawing )

As the Socialist Party of Romania delegation ( Gheorghe Cristescu, Eugen Rozvan, David Fabian, Constantin Popovici, Ioan Flueraş, and Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea ) voted to adhere to the Comintern, Rakovsky and Grigory Zinoviev pressured the group to expel those of its members who supported Greater Romania ( including Flueraş and Popovici, as well as Iosif Jumanca and Leon Ghelerter ).

After Lenin's illness and incapacitation, Rakovsky joined Leon Trotsky's Left Opposition and came into conflict with Stalin.

Beginning in the late 1920s, Serge helped to lead the anti-Stalinist Left's criticism of wasteful resource management in the Soviet economy, along with many other writers including Christian Rakovsky and Leon Trotsky.

In a 1915 letter to Zimmerwald promoter Leon Trotsky, Rakovsky himself claimed that Mille had been corrupted by Take Ionescu, leader of the pro-Entente Conservative-Democratic Party, and that his newspapers issued propaganda " under the mask of independence ".

However, such a bureau was not formed and Lenin, Trotsky and Christian Rakovsky later delegated the task of managing the International to Grigory Zinoviev as the Chairman of the Executive.

Attacks on them caused problems with the Russian Party ; as Lenin himself sided with Rakovsky, a delegation comprising Trotsky, Lev Kamenev and Adolph Joffe left for Kiev to discuss the matter with local leaders.

The commission consisted of Grimm, Ledebour, Lenin, Trotsky, Merrheim, Rakovsky, and Modigliani.

In 1924, as the Labour Party minority cabinet came to power, Ramsay MacDonald and Rakovsky negotiated de jure recognition and agreed on possible future Anglo-Soviet treaty and a British loan for the Soviet Union.

Rakovsky with Leonid Krasin and Charles Rappoport, Paris, 1924

The committee submitted a report signed by Louis Martin and Leon Wiley with a map published in the 1946 town report.

A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum was made into a musical film in 1966, directed by Richard Lester, with Zero Mostel and Jack Gilford re-creating their Broadway stage roles, Leon Greene reprising his West End stage role and Phil Silvers starred in an expanded role as " Marcus Lycus ".

Leon Trotsky at first supported the Mensheviks, but left them in September 1904 over their insistence on an alliance with Russian liberals and their opposition to a reconciliation with Lenin and the Bolsheviks.

In March 1967, Leon M ' Ba and Omar Bongo ( then known as Albert Bongo ) were elected President and Vice President, with the BDG winning all 47 seats in the National Assembly.

Together with Don Kaye, Mike Reese, and Leon Tucker, Gygax created a military miniatures society called Lake Geneva Tactical Studies Association ( LGTSA ) in 1970, with its first headquarters in Gygax's basement.

Gygax also collaborated on Tractics ( WWII to c. 1965, with Mike Reese & Leon Tucker ) and with Dave Arneson on the Napoleonic naval wargame Don't Give Up the Ship!

He sparked a debate with conservative bioethicist Leon Kass, who wrote at the time that " the programmed reproduction of man will, in fact, dehumanize him.

Of 750 members, 250 became alienated through the influence of Bernhard Müller ( self-styled Count de Leon ), who, with 40 followers ( also at variance with the authorities in the old country ), had come to Economy to affiliate with the Society.

In 1957, John Bardeen, in collaboration with Leon Cooper and his doctoral student John Robert Schrieffer, proposed the standard theory of superconductivity known as the BCS theory ( named for their initials ).

In 1972, John Bardeen shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Leon N Cooper of Brown University and John Robert Schrieffer of the University of Pennsylvania for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory.

The Death of Klinghoffer ( 1991 ): The opera's story begins with the 1985 hijacking of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro by Palestinian terrorists and details the murder of a passenger named Leon Klinghoffer, a retired, physically disabled American Jew.

He was well known for aiding Joseph Stalin in the Military Council ( led by Leon Trotsky ), having become closely associated with Stalin during the Red Army's 1918 defense of Tsaritsyn.

Leon Trotsky with his daughter Nina in 1915

Leon Max Lederman ( born July 15, 1922 ) is an American physicist who, along with Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1988 for their joint research on neutrinos.

In 1977, a group of physicists led by Leon Lederman announced that a particle with a mass of about 6. 0 GeV was being produced by the Fermilab particle accelerator.

* Education, Politics, Einstein and Charm The Science Network interview with Leon Lederman

At the time of Leon Battista's birth, his father Lorenzo lived in Genoa, but the family soon moved to Venice, where Lorenzo ran the family bank with his brother.

De Leon combined the rising theories of syndicalism in his time with orthodox Marxism.

Moreover, owing to the middle-class aspirations of much of the peasantry, Leon Trotsky proposed that the proletariat should lead the revolution, as the only way for it to be truly socialist and democratic ; although Lenin initially disagreed with Trotsky ’ s formulation, he adopted it before the Russian Revolution in October 1917.

Lenin warned that Stalin has “ unlimited authority concentrated in his hands, and I am not sure whether he will always be capable of using that authority with sufficient caution ”, and formed a factional bloc with Leon Trotsky to remove Stalin as the General Secretary of the Communist Party.