* 1278 BC: Seti I dies, 1 year after his son, Ramesses II is crowned.

The founder of the nineteenth dynasty, Ramesses I came from a military family from Avaris with strong ties to the priesthood of Set.

The Great Harris Papyrus or Papyrus Harris I, which was commissioned by his son and chosen successor Ramesses IV, chronicles this king's vast donations of land, gold statues and monumental construction to Egypt's various temples at Piramesse, Heliopolis, Memphis, Athribis, Hermopolis, This, Abydos, Coptos, El Kab and other cities in Nubia and Syria.

Papyrus Harris I records some of Ramesses III activities:

Construction of the Hypostyle Hall also may have begun during the eighteenth dynasty, although most new building was undertaken under Seti I and Ramesses II.

* Ramesses I: founder of the 19th Dynasty

Menmaatre Seti I ( or Sethos I as in Greek ) was a Pharaoh of the New Kingdom Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt, the son of Ramesses I and Queen Sitre, and the father of Ramesses II.

After the enormous social upheavals generated by Akhenaten's religious reform, Horemheb, Ramesses I and Seti I's main priority was to re-establish order in the kingdom and to reaffirm Egypt's sovereignty over Canaan and Syria, which had been compromised by the increasing external pressures from the Hittite state.

The Egyptian army also put down a minor “ rebellion ” in Nubia in the 8th year of Seti I. Seti himself did not participate in it although his Crown Prince, the future Ramesses II, may have.

This is in stark contrast to the situation with Horemheb, Ramesses I and Ramesses II who all lived to an advanced age.

Brand who has published an extensive biography on this Pharaoh and his numerous works, stresses in his thesis that relief decorations at various temple sites at Karnak, Qurna and Abydos which associate Ramesses II with Seti I, were actually carved after Seti's death by Ramesses II himself and, hence, cannot be used as source material to support a co-regency between the two monarchs.

In addition, the late William Murnane who first endorsed the theory of a co-regency between Seti I and Ramesses II later revised his view of the proposed co-regency and rejected the idea that Ramesses II had begun to count his own regnal years while Seti I was still alive.

Finally, Kenneth Kitchen rejects the term co-regency to describe the relationship between Seti I and Ramesses II ; he describes the earliest phase of Ramesses II's career as a " prince regency " where the young Ramesses enjoyed all the trappings of royalty including the use of a royal titulary and harem but did not count his regnal years until after his father's death.

Onions were even used in Egyptian burials, as evidenced by onion traces being found in the eye sockets of Ramesses IV.

These galettes developed into a form of early sweet pastry or desserts, evidence of which can be found on the tomb walls of the Pharaoh Ramesses II, who ruled from 1304 to 1237 BC, located in the Valley of the Kings.

and Ramesses III were also found.

Black peppercorns were found stuffed in the nostrils of Ramesses II, placed there as part of the mummification rituals shortly after his death in 1213 BCE.

The earliest reference made to the town of Kyrenia is found, together with that of the other seven city kingdoms of Cyprus, in Egyptian scripts dating from the period of Ramesses III, 1125-1100s ( decade ) BC.

A better documented example of this type of problem can be found in the long reign of much later Nineteenth Dynasty pharaoh Ramesses II and his successors.

The site was in use before Ramesses had the first stone put in place: beneath the hypostyle hall, modern archaeologists have found a shaft tomb from the Middle Kingdom, yielding a rich hoard of religious and funerary artifacts.

He also found the virtually intact tomb of Prince Khaemweset, Ramesses II's son.

While the sarcophagus itself has long since vanished, Ramesses IX's mummy was one of those found in the Deir el-Bahri cache ( DB320 ) in 1881.

In 1881, the mummy of Ramesses IX was found in the Deir el-Bahri cache ( DB320 ) within one of the two coffins of Neskhons — wife of the Theban High Priest Pinedjem II.

When the mummy was unwrapped, a bandage was found identifying the king as " Ra Khaemwaset " which was a reference to either Ramesses Khaemwaset Meryamun ( IX ) or Ramesses Khaemwaset Meryamun Neterheqainu ( XI ).

But since an ivory box of Neferkare Ramesses IX was found in the royal cache itself, and Ramesses XI was probably never buried at Thebes but rather in Lower Egypt, " the mummy is most likely to be that of Ramesses IX himself.

Meanwhile, surviving monuments of Ramesses IV in the Delta consists of an obelisk recovered in Cairo and a pair of his cartouches found on a pylon gateway both originally from Heliopolis.

The mummy of Ramesses V's was recovered in 1898 and seems to indicate that he suffered from smallpox due to lesions found on his face and this is thought to have caused his death.

Remains of both flowers have been found in the burial tomb of Ramesses II.

An archive of over 200 letters have been found from the royal palace at Hattusa which show that Hattusili exchanged letters with numerous Near Eastern kings including Ramesses II.

The Year 400 Stela, found in Tanis and dated to the reign of Sitre's grandson Ramesses II describes Seti as the son of Paramessu ( the name of Ramesses I before he became pharaoh ) and Tia.

Tomb KV2, found in the Valley of the Kings, is the tomb of Ramesses IV, and is located low down in the main valley, between KV7 and KV1.

They believed that the lotus flower gave them strength and power ; remains of the flower have been found in the burial tomb of Ramesses II.

The only known statue of Khufu was found here and recently a portal temple to Ramesses II has been excavated here.

Gifts and purchases from Henry Salt, British Consul General in Egypt, beginning with the Colossal bust of Ramesses II in 1818, laid the foundations of the collection of Egyptian Monumental Sculpture.

* c. 1259 BC — Ramesses II makes peace agreement with the Hittites ( other date is 1263 BC ).

Ramesses II ( ruled 1279-1213 BCE ) defeated them in his second year ( 1278 BCE ) when they attempted to raid Egypt's coast, together with the Lukka ( L ' kkw, possibly the later Lycians ) and the Šqrsšw ( Shekelesh ), in a sea battle off the Mediterranean coast.

After Ramesses II succeeded in defeating the invaders and capturing some of them, Sherden captives are depicted in this Pharaoh's bodyguard, where they are conspicuous by their helmets with horns with a ball projecting from the middle, their round shields and the great Naue II swords, with which they are depicted in inscriptions of the Battle with the Hittites at Kadesh.

The theory that these people came from the Western Mediterranean, suggested by some who draw attention to the etymological connections between Sherden and Sardinia, Shekelesh with Sicily, and Trs-w ( Teresh or Tursci ) with Etruscans, is not archaeologically satisfactory, and there is evidence that these people arrived in the areas in which they lived in classical times after the period of Ramesses III, rather than before.

Ramesses is generally identified with modern Qantir, the site of the 19th dynasty capital Per-Ramesses, and Succoth with Tel el-Maskhuta in Wadi Tumilat, the biblical Land of Goshen.

The Beit el-Wali Temple of Ramesses II contained Statues of Khnum, Satis and Anukis, along with statues of Isis and Horus.

To the right of the doorway Nefertari, Baketmut and the king's son Ramesses are shown with the Pharaoh.

This explanation conforms better with the evidence of the unfinished state of Seti I's monuments and the fact that Ramesses II had to complete the decorations on " many of his father's unfinished monuments, including the southern half of the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak and portions of his father's temples at Gurnah and Abydos " during the very first Year of his own reign.

He entered the city in triumph together with his son Ramesses II and erected a victory stela at the site.

Two important inscriptions from the first decade of Ramesses ' reign, namely the Abydos Dedicatory Inscription and the Kuban Stela of Ramesses II, consistently give the latter titles associated with those of a Crown Prince only, namely the " king's eldest son and hereditary prince " or " child-heir " to the throne " along with some military titles.