Due to the expansion of the gases the piston moves downwards covering the intake port and compressing the fuel-air mixture inside the crank chamber.

In a reciprocating engine, the high-pressure gases inside the cylinders drive the engine's pistons.

In reactive ion etching ( RIE ), the substrate is placed inside a reactor, and several gases are introduced.

Poor ventilation of the mines causes exposure to harmful gases, heat and dust inside sub-surface mines, which can cause injury, illness and death.

Hard X-rays can penetrate some solids and liquids, and all uncompressed gases, and their most common use is to image the inside of objects in diagnostic radiography and crystallography.

To protect the casing from corrosive hot gases, a sacrificial thermal liner on the inside of the casing is often implemented, which ablates to prolong the life of the motor casing.

Cryostasis utilizes using clathrate-forming gases that penetrate and saturate the biological tissues causing clathrate hydrates formation ( under specific pressure-temperature conditions ) inside the cells and in the extracellular matrix.

are crystalline water-based solids physically resembling ice, in which small non-polar molecules ( typically gases ) or polar molecules with large hydrophobic moieties are trapped inside " cages " of hydrogen bonded water molecules.

Decompression sickness ( DCS ; also known as divers ' disease, the bends or caisson disease ) describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation.

These bacteria also account for the production of gases inside our intestine ( this gas is released as flatulence when eliminated through the anus ).

Mangroves store gases directly inside the roots, processing them even when the roots are submerged during high tide.

In the case of a locomotive-type boiler, a boiler barrel extends from the firebox and the hot gases pass through a bundle of fire tubes inside the barrel which greatly increase the heating surface compared to a single tube and further improve heat transfer.

** Does not work as well at high altitudes above due to pressure differential between the gases inside the screen and the air pressure at altitude.

The lids are typically loose-fitting to allow gases to escape during heating of a sample inside.

The pistons jam at the ends of the barrel trapping the hot propellant gases inside.

The combustion flue gases inside the chimneys or stacks are much hotter than the ambient outside air and therefore less dense than the ambient air.

As it rises, a Rayleigh – Taylor instability is formed and air is drawn upwards and into the cloud ( similar to the updraft of a chimney ), producing strong air currents known as " afterwinds ", while inside the head of the cloud, the hot gases rotate in a toroidal shape.

Due to imperfect design by Professor Farnsworth, the energy conversion process inside Bender's body produces inordinate amount of waste gases and heat.

Both types of suppressor reduce noise by allowing the rapidly expanding gases from the firing of the cartridge to be briefly diverted or trapped inside a series of hollow chambers.

A suppressor also cools the hot gases coming out of the barrel enough that most of the lead-laced vapor that leaves the barrel condenses inside the suppressor, reducing the amount of lead that might be inhaled by the shooter and others around them.

An example is the automobile engine ( internal combustion engine ) which burns fuel ( an exothermic chemical reaction ) inside a cylinder and uses the expanding gases to drive a piston.

There is however a variety of the WMS-technique that utilizes the narrow line absorption from gases for sensing even when the gases are situated in closed compartments ( e. g. pores ) inside solid materia.

As part of the investigation into the disaster, it was reported to the Rogers Commission that during the launch of STS-51-C, the worst solid rocket booster ( SRB ) blow-by effects of any mission prior to STS-51-L occurred, indicating conclusively that the Viton O-rings were not sufficiently sealing the hot gases inside the combustion chambers of the SRBs while firing.

A small hermetically sealed compressor in a common consumer refrigerator or freezer ; it typically has a rounded steel outer shell that is permanently welded shut, and which seals operating gases inside the system.

The result is much less permeable to gases ( important in food packaging ) and reflects up to 99 % of light, including much of the infrared spectrum.

In food packaging, inert gases are used as a passive preservative, in contrast to active preservatives like sodium benzoate ( an antimicrobial ) or BHT ( an antioxidant ).

He also devised a new packaging system for preserving coffee in which the cans were filled with inert gases instead of air pressurization.

Several types of packaging need to maintain a seal against flow of gases: foods, pharmaceuticals, several chemicals and some consumer goods.

MAP is used with various types of products, where the mixture of gases in the package depends on the type of product, packaging materials and storage temperature.

* European Food Information Council ( EFIC: ( 2001 ) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the use of carbon monoxide as component of packaging gases in modified atmosphere packaging for fresh meat.

In the UK, for example, agricultural-related emissions may account for approximately 40 % of the overall food chain ( including retail, packaging, fertilizer manufacture, and other factors ), whereas greenhouse gases emitted in transport account for around 12 % of overall food-chain emissions.

The gases can be carried hundreds of kilometers in the atmosphere before they are converted to acids and deposited.

For example, the same techniques used to model ideal gases can be applied to model the behavior of a hard sphere colloidal suspension.

Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial.

By regulating the processing parameters — especially the gases introduced, but also including the pressure the system is operated under, the temperature of the diamond, and the method of generating plasma — many different materials that can be considered diamond can be made.

The magnitudes ( but, not the natures ) of these three velocities can be illustrated by an analogy with the three similar velocities associated with gases.

In some circumstances, mainly depending on the origin and the composition of the raw materials used, the high-temperature calcination process of limestone and clay minerals can release in the atmosphere gases and dust rich in volatile heavy metals, a. o, thallium, cadmium and mercury are the most toxic.

The noble gases do not form diatomic molecules: this can be explained using molecular orbital theory ( see molecular orbital diagram ).

The fuel cell can turn the chemical energy bound in hydrocarbon gases or hydrogen directly into electrical energy with much higher efficiency than any combustion process ; such devices have powered many spacecraft and are being applied to grid energy storage for the public power system.

The decomposition products, residual solids or gases of some explosives can be toxic, whereas others are harmless, such as carbon dioxide and water.

The lesser component gases methane and hydrogen are flammable, and so flatus containing adequate amounts of these can be ignited.

* Filtration, a mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids ( liquids or gases ) by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass

Filtration is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids ( liquids or gases ) by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass.

The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses chlorofluorocarbons or volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint unto a surface.

While this method can be effective at trapping particulates produced by combustion, it does not filter out harmful gases which may be toxic or which displace the oxygen required for survival.

Drugs given to induce or maintain general anaesthesia can be either as gases or vapours ( inhalational anaesthetics ), or as injections ( intravenous anaesthetics or even intramuscular ).

Just as radiative forcing provides a simplified means of comparing the various factors that are believed to influence the climate system to one another, global-warming potentials ( GWPs ) are one type of simplified index based upon radiative properties that can be used to estimate the potential future impacts of emissions of different gases upon the climate system in a relative sense.

The GWP for a mixture of gases can not be determined from the GWP of the constituent gases by any form of simple linear addition.

Hydrocarbons can be gases ( e. g. methane and propane ), liquids ( e. g. hexane and benzene ), waxes or low melting solids ( e. g. paraffin wax and naphthalene ) or polymers ( e. g. polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene ).

As the impact between steel hammer heads and the objects being hit can, and does, create sparks, which in some industries such as underground coal mining with methane gas, or in other hazardous environments containing flammable gases and vapours, can be dangerous and risk igniting the gases.

Other sources of scrap lead, such as recovered bullets, lead cable sheathing, lead pipe, or even lead – acid battery plates, ( EXTREME caution should be used as modern battery components, when melted can yield hazardous, even deadly gases ) can yield usable lead with some degree of effort, including purification and measuring of hardness.