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Remotely-controlled landers such as Viking, Pathfinder and the two Mars Exploration Rovers have landed on the surface of Mars and several Venera and Vega spacecraft have landed on the surface of Venus.
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landers and such
A number of Moon probes, such as some members of the Soviet Luna program and the American Ranger program, were hard-impact landers which were not intended to continue providing useful data after their high-speed landings.
Several such missions have been launched, including penetrators on the two Phobos probe landers targeted for Mars ' moon Phobos and ones for Mars itself on Mars 96 and Deep Space 2, but so far none have succeeded.
* Flagship Challenges: " To encourage major private space missions ," these are expected to be multi-million dollar prizes for more major goals, such as robotic lunar landers or human orbital spaceflight.
Extremely Talented landers seem able to use their Talent to " will " projectiles such as bullets or Talent energy to strike their target.
Since its inception, ExoMars has gone through several phases of planning with various proposals for landers, orbiters, launch vehicles, and international cooperation planning, such as the defunct 2009 Mars Exploration Joint Initiative ( MEJI ) with the United States.
landers and Viking
The primary objectives of the two Viking orbiters were to transport the landers to Mars, perform reconnaissance to locate and certify landing sites, act as communications relays for the landers, and to perform their own scientific investigations.
Among these differences were younger formation ages, a different oxygen isotopic composition, the presence of aqueous weathering products, and some similarity in chemical composition to analyses of the martian surface rocks in 1976 by the Viking landers.
* Viking program — Two NASA orbiters and landers ( 1974 )
The Viking program ended in May 1983, after both landers had died.
RTGs were used to power the two Viking landers and for the scientific experiments left on the Moon by the crews of Apollo 12 through 17 ( SNAP 27s ).
The mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, which includes three previous successful landers: the two Viking program landers in 1976 and Mars Pathfinder probe in 1997.
Carl Sagan poses next to a replica of the Viking landers.
The evidence supporting the existence of Gillevinia straata microorganisms relies on the data collected by the two Mars Viking landers that searched for biosignatures of life, but the analytical results were, officially, inconclusive.
In 2006, Mario Crocco, a neurobiologist at the Neuropsychiatric Hospital Borda in Buenos Aires, Argentina, proposed the creation of a new nomenclatural rank that classified the Viking landers ' results as ' metabolic ' and therefore belonging to a form of life.
During his first administration at NASA, Fletcher was responsible for beginning the Space Shuttle effort, as well as the Viking program that sent landers to Mars.
Notable deep space probe programs that have employed X band communications include the Viking Mars landers ; the Voyager missions to Jupiter, Saturn, and beyond ; the Galileo Jupiter orbiter ; the New Horizons mission to Pluto and the Kuiper belt, and the Cassini-Huygens Saturn orbiter.
An important use of the X band communications came with the two Viking program landers.
# REDIRECT Viking program # Viking landers
The Viking landers detected low levels of chemically bound water in the Martian soil.
Each of the two Viking landers carried three life-detection experiments which looked for signs of metabolism ; however, the results were declared ' inconclusive '.
The two landers were identical, so the same tests were carried out at two places on Mars ' surface, Viking 1 near the equator and Viking 2 further north.
Four experiments are presented here in the order in which they were carried out by the two Viking landers.
The study's authors found that perchlorate can destroy organics when heated and produce chloromethane and dichloromethane as byproduct, the identical chlorine compounds discovered by both Viking landers when they performed the same tests on Mars.
On a paper published in December 2010, the scientists suggest that if organics were present, they would not have been detected because when the soil is heated to check for organics, perchlorate destroys them rapidly producing chloromethane and dichloromethane, which is what the Viking landers found.
The Biological Oxidant and Life Detection ( BOLD ) is a proposed Mars mission that would follow up the Viking soil tests by using several small impact landers.
landers and Pathfinder
Of the six successful Mars landers to date, five employed offsets from local mean solar time ( LMST ) for the lander site while the sixth ( Mars Pathfinder ) used local true solar time ( LTST ).
Unlike some the sites visited by the Viking and Pathfinder landers, nearly all the rocks near the Phoenix landing site on Vastitas Borealis are small.
landers and two
To resolve this problem, two landers were launched with orbiter type buses, but without fuel to enter orbit.
The Vega probes to Venus and comet Halley launched in 1985 also used this basic Venera design, including landers but also atmospheric balloons which relayed data for about two days.
The Venera 9 and 10 landers had two cameras each.
Shortly before the final phase of the mission, during which the spacecraft was to approach within 50 m of Phobos ' surface and release two landers, one a mobile " hopper ", the other a stationary platform, contact with Phobos 2 was lost.
Both Venera 11 and Venera 12 had landers with two cameras, each designed for color imaging, though Soviet literature does not mention them.
Both Venera 11 and Venera 12 had landers with two cameras, each designed for color imaging.
According to current plans, the ExoMars project will comprise four spacecraft: two stationary landers, one orbiter and one rover.
Although lander missions have twice occurred in pairs, no effort was made to synchronize the sol counts of the two landers within each pair.
Along with Triton landers, at least two atmospheric probes have also been proposed to go into Neptune's atmosphere and study the climate and weather of the stormy planet.
landers and Mars
Aerobraking does not require a thick atmosphere – for example most Mars landers use the technique, and Mars ' atmosphere is only about 1 % as thick as Earth's.
After orbiting Mars for more than a month and returning images used for landing site selection, the orbiters and landers detached ; the landers then entered the Martian atmosphere and soft-landed at the sites that had been chosen.
The spacecraft were intended to explore Mars, and included flyby probes, landers and orbiters.
The orbiters ' primary scientific objectives were to image the Martian surface and clouds, determine the temperature on Mars, study the topography, composition and physical properties of the surface, measure properties of the atmosphere, monitor the solar wind and the interplanetary and Martian magnetic fields, and act as communications relays to send signals from the landers to Earth.
Both landers had a small Mars ' rover ' on board, which would move across the surface on skis while connected to the lander with a 15-meter umbilical.
The spacecraft were also designed to act as communications links to the Mars 6 and 7 landers.
* Phobos 1 – 7 July 1988 – Attempted Mars orbiter / Phobos landers ( contact lost )
* Phobos 2 – 12 July 1988 – Mars orbiter / attempted Phobos landers ( contact lost )
* Mars 96 – 16 November 1996 – Attempted Mars orbiter / landers ( failed to escape Earth orbit )
The Mars 2 was an unmanned space probe of the Mars program, a series of unmanned Mars landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s.
The orbiter primary scientific objectives were to image the Martian surface and clouds, determine the temperature on Mars, study the topography, composition and physical properties of the surface, measure properties of the atmosphere, monitor the solar wind and the interplanetary and Martian magnetic fields, and act as communications relays to send signals from the landers to Earth.
Unable to reprogram the mission computers, both Mars 2 and Mars 3 dispatched their landers immediately, and the orbiters used up a significant portion of their available data resources in snapping images of the featureless dust clouds below, rather than the surface mapping intended.
Unable to reprogram the mission computers, both Mars 2 and Mars 3 dispatched their landers immediately, and the orbiters used up a significant portion of their available data resources in snapping images of the featureless dust clouds below, rather than the surface mapping intended.
* Mars probe program — USSR orbiters and landers
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