In the 1950s, James D. Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins were instrumental in solving DNA structure and suggesting its relationship with genetic transfer of information.

Using " Photo 51 " ( the X-ray diffraction results of Raymond Gosling and Rosalind Franklin of King's College London, given to them by Gosling and Franklin's colleague Maurice Wilkins ), Watson and Crick together developed a model for a helical structure of DNA, which they published in 1953.

A key piece of experimentally-derived information came from X-ray diffraction images that had been obtained by Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, and their research student, Raymond Gosling.

Crick described what he saw as the failure of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin to cooperate and work towards finding a molecular model of DNA as a major reason why he and Watson eventually made a second attempt to do so.

Serious efforts to understand how proteins are encoded began after the structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick, who used the experimental evidence of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin ( among others ).

Using X-ray crystallography, the structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick with the help of previously documented experimental evidence by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin.

Based on such pictures, Rosalind Franklin proposed the full structure of the tobacco mosaic virus in 1955.

Other forms of elastic X-ray scattering include powder diffraction, SAXS and several types of X-ray fiber diffraction, which was used by Rosalind Franklin in determining the double-helix structure of DNA.

* Rosalind Franklin

The structure of DNA was determined in 1953 by James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, following by developing techniques which allow to read DNA sequences and culminating in starting the Human Genome Project ( not finished in the 20th century ) and cloning the first mammal in 1996.

* July 25 – Rosalind Franklin, British crystallographer ( d. 1958 )

During the early 1950s, while Watson and Crick were determining the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ), they made use of unpublished X-ray diffraction images taken by Rosalind Franklin, shown at meetings and shared with them by Maurice Wilkins, and of Franklin's preliminary account of her detailed analysis of the X-ray images included in an unpublished 1952 progress report for the King's College laboratory of Sir John Randall.

Rosalind Franklin and DNA.

The 1962 prize awarded to James D. Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins for their work on DNA structure and properties did not acknowledge the contributing work from others, such as Oswald Avery and Rosalind Franklin who had died by the time of the nomination.

* 1952 — Rosalind Franklin concluded that DNA is a double helix with a diameter of 2 nm and the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside of the helix, based on x ray diffraction studies.

A World War II-era movie called Flight for Freedom ( 1943 ) starring Rosalind Russell and Fred MacMurray furthered a myth that Earhart was spying on the Japanese in the Pacific at the request of the Franklin Roosevelt administration.

Rosalind Elsie Franklin ( 25 July 1920 – 16 April 1958 ) was a British biophysicist and X-ray crystallographer who made critical contributions to the understanding of the fine molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal, and graphite.

During 1952, Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling worked at applying the Patterson function to the X-ray pictures of DNA they had produced.

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* Maddox, Brenda, Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA, 2002.

* Brenda Maddox, Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA

Other performances which many considered definitive were as Millamant in The Way of the World ( 1924 ), Rosalind in As You Like It ( 1926 and 1936 ), the Nurse in Romeo and Juliet ( 1932 – 35 and 1961 ), and, most notably, as Lady Bracknell in The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1939 ), a role with which she became identified in the public's mind ( in particular for her drippingly sarcastic delivery of the line: " A handbag ?").

After Lady Macbeth she played Desdemona, Rosalind, Ophelia and Volumnia, all with great success ; but it was as Queen Catherine in Henry VIII that she discovered a part almost as well adapted to her acting powers as that of Lady Macbeth.

Among the memorable performances ( including some from before Papp had the Delacorte for his Shakespeare ) were George C. Scott's Obie-award winning Richard III in 1958 ; Colleen Dewhurst's Kate, Lady Macbeth, Cleopatra ( opposite George C. Scott's Mark Antony ), and Gertrude ; the Prince Hamlet of Stacy Keach opposite Dewhurst's Gertrude with James Earl Jones ' King Claudius, Barnard Hughes's Polonius and Sam Waterston's Laertes ; Sam Waterston's Hamlet ( opposite the Gertrude of Ruby Dee ) with the Laertes of John Lithgow and Andrea Marcovicci's Ophelia ; the Benedick and Beatrice of Sam Waterston and Kathleen Widdoes in Much Ado About Nothing with Barnard Hughes's Keystone Kops version of Dogberry ; the early work of Meryl Streep as Isabella in Measure for Measure ; Mary Beth Hurt as Randall Duk Kim's daughter in Pericles ; James Earl Jones as King Lear ( 1973 ) with Rosalind Cash and Ellen Holly as his wicked daughters ; Raul Julia as Edmund in Jones ' 1973 King Lear, as Osric to Keach's Hamlet, and as Proteus ( in a musical adaptation of Two Gentlemen of Verona which transferred to a Broadway run ).

Lady Rosalind Cecilia Bingham oo James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn

Lady Britomart Undershaft was modelled on Rosalind Howard, Countess of Carlisle, the mother-in-law of Gilbert Murray, who with his wife Lady Mary served as inspiration for Adolphus Cusins and Barbara Undershaft.

Richard Edward Lygon ( 25 December 1916 – 1970 ) who married 1939 Patricia Janet Norman ; their younger daughter Rosalind Lygon, now Rosalind, Lady Morrison ( b. 1946 ) inherited Madresfield Court in 1979.

When her mother Rosalind Howard, Countess of Carlisle died in 1921, Castle Howard and a estate in Cumberland were bequeathed to Lady Mary, which she shared with her younger siblings, Castle Howard going to her brother Geoffrey.

The four children were evacuated during the second world war from London to the " Sands House Hotel ", Brampton, Cumberland, which was converted to temperance status by Lady Rosalind, and run by Mrs and Mrs James Warwick, formerly in her service, with their daughter Charlotte Elizabeth.

Abercorn married Lady Rosalind Cecilia Caroline Bingham ( 1869 – 1958 ), only daughter of Charles Bingham, 4th Earl of Lucan and his wife Lady Cecilia Catherine Gordon-Lennox ( 1838 – 1910, daughter of Charles Lennox, 5th Duke of Richmond ) at St. Paul's Church, Knightsbridge, on 1 November 1894.

However, her time there was more noted for a succession of Shakespearian roles ( the Nurse in Romeo and Juliet, Portia in The Merchant of Venice, the Queen in Richard II, Helena in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Portia in Julius Caesar ), including some alongside John Gielgud ( Rosalind in As You Like It, Lady Macbeth in Macbeth, and Queen Gertrude in Hamlet ).

He was the son of James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn and Lady Rosalind Cecilia Caroline Bingham.

*" Passage on the Lady Anny "-Starring: Martin Jarvis & Rosalind Ayres

He and his 2nd wife, Rosalind ( The Lady Berkeley ), divide their time between their home at Polruan, Cornwall and London.

*" Dear Miss Primatologist Lady ", Four Letter Word: Invented Correspondence from the Edge of Modern Romance, Editors Rosalind Porter, Joshua Knelman, Simon and Schuster, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4165-6973-2

The north side of the site ( Queen Mother Hall, Bay House, Old House, Maynard, Lady Chapman, Orchard I and II, Dudin-Brown and Skeel buildings ) remains in use as student accommodation, with Orchard I and II renamed for Lord Cameron and Rosalind Franklin, respectively.

This type of occurrence was commonplace among his faithful customers, which included Marilyn Monroe, Elizabeth Taylor, Jackie Kennedy, Lady Bird Johnson, Grace Kelly, Diana Ross, Betsy Bloomingdale, Rosalind Russell, Marlene Dietrich, Dorothy Lamour, Judy Garland, Loretta Young, Ali MacGraw, Ivana Trump, Carolyne Roehm, Kim Basinger, Arianna Huffington and many other notable personalities and film and media stars.

His roles included Colonel Blake in J. Palgrave Simpson's A Scrap of Paper, Charles Surface opposite his wife's Lady Teazle, Orlando to her Rosalind in As You Like It ( 1871 ), Jack Absolute to her Lydia Languish in The Rivals ( 1870 ), and Young Marlowe to her Kate Hardcastle.