Biodynamic agriculture, the first intentional form of organic farming, began in the 1920s when Rudolf Steiner gave a series of lectures since published as Agriculture.

In 1946, Gottwald gave up the secretary-general's post to Rudolf Slánský and was elected to the new position of party chairman.

In 1859, after reading a paper on the diffusion of molecules by Rudolf Clausius, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell formulated the Maxwell distribution of molecular velocities, which gave the proportion of molecules having a certain velocity in a specific range.

In 1323 Louis gave Brandenburg as a fiefdom to his eldest son Louis V. With the Treaty of Pavia the emperor returned the Palatinate to his nephews Rudolf and Rupert in 1329.

Emperor Rudolf I of Habsburg gave Austria to his sons in 1278.

However, about half-way through the second season when Rudolf Nureyev appeared, his appearance gave the show so much positive publicity that other celebrities came to the producers instead of the other way around.

Rudolf Clausius, with his kinetic theory on gases, gave another confirmation of Avogadro's Law.

During the 19th century, Rudolf Virchow gave the biggest contribution to the field by introducing the procedure of

Ottokar was defeated by Rudolph I of Germany, and at the meeting at Augsburg in 1282, he gave in fief to his sons Albrecht and Rudolf the province of Carniola, but it was leased to Meinhard, count of Gorizia-Tirol.

On 21 August 1858, Elisabeth finally gave birth to an heir, Rudolf ( 1858 – 1889 ).

The powers of the abbot were gradually limited and in 1277 the Emperor Rudolf I gave the town a charter of liberties.

Already in September 1882 the Emperor Franz Joseph with Elizabeth of Austria and the heir to the throne Rudolf with his consort Stéphanie of Belgium, stayed in Miramare during an official visit to Trieste and gave receptions for the notables of the city.

The group crossed the Caspian Sea and spent the winter in Moscow, before proceeding through Norway, Germany ( where it was received by Emperor Rudolf II ) to Rome where Pope Clement VIII gave the travellers a long audience.

Count Rudolf of Rapperswil gave his castle of Wurmsbach together with a considerable area of land in 1259 for the foundation of a religious house and the abbey was established.

Rudolf Höss appeared at the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg on 15 April 1946 where he gave detailed testimony of his crimes.

Sid Waddell gave him the nickname " Romford Slim " and said he was Britain's answer to the famous American pool player Rudolf " Minnesota Fats " Wanderone.

At that time, the Czechs were able to take advantage of the struggle between two contenders to the imperial throne, and in 1609 they extracted a Letter of Majesty from Emperor Rudolf II ( 1576 – 1612 ) that promised toleration of the Czech Reformed Church, gave control of Charles University to the Czech estates, and made other concessions.

Secondly, Hugh gave the march of Vienne and duchy of Provence to Rudolf II of Burgundy in a treaty of 933.

Therefore Duke Rudolf IV of Austria gave order to draw up the Privilegium Maius, a fake document meant to empower the Austrian rulers on a par with the Prince-electors.

The Clausius – Mossotti relation is named after the Italian physicist Ottaviano-Fabrizio Mossotti, whose 1850 book analyzed the relationship between the dielectric constants of two different media, and the German physicist Rudolf Clausius, who gave the formula explicitly in his 1879 book in the context not of dielectric constants but of indices of refraction.

Like biodynamic agriculture in general, biodynamic viticulture stems from the ideas and suggestions of Rudolf Steiner ( 1861 – 1925 ), who gave his now famous Agriculture Course in 1924, predating most of the organic movement.

Rudolf Clausius recognized the presence of a proportionality constant in Kelvin's analysis and gave it the name entropy in 1865 from the Greek for " transformation " because it describes the quantity of energy lost during transformation from heat to work.

Albrecht's program gave Austria-Hungary the best army that a multinational empire could field at the time ; his later clashes with liberals ( including Crown Prince Rudolf ) may have resulted at least in part from his ability to see all too clearly the limitations imposed by the empire's finite resources.

As the countess always needed more money than Georg Larisch gave her, her cousin Crown Prince Rudolf paid bills for her-so she depended on his wishes.

It was subsequently acquired by the Emperor Rudolf II and taken to Prague.

Depending on the version of the legend, the Jews in Prague were to be either expelled or killed under the rule of Rudolf II, the Holy Roman Emperor.

Prominent Communists who became victims of these purges and were defendants in the Prague Trials included Rudolf Slánský, the party's general secretary, Vlado Clementis ( the Foreign Minister ) and Gustáv Husák ( the leader of an administrative body responsible for Slovakia ), who was dismissed from office for " bourgeois nationalism ".

Other important continental centers include the court of Rudolf II in Prague, as well as Haarlem and Antwerp.

Facilitated by the Pope, a treaty of alliance was signed in Prague by Emperor Rudolf II and Sigismund Báthory of Transylvania.

The Bohemian Protestants appealed to Matthias for help, whose army then held Rudolf prisoner in his castle in Prague, until 1611, when Rudolf was forced to cede the crown of Bohemia to his brother.

Rudolf moved the Habsburg capital from Vienna to Prague in 1583.

Astrology and alchemy were mainstream science in Renaissance Prague, and Rudolf was a firm devotee of both.

Rudolf is also the ruler in many of the legends of the Golem of Prague, either because of or simply adding to his occult reputation.

The Magic Circle of Rudolf II: Alchemy and Astrology in Renaissance Prague.

Also published as The Theatre of the World: Alchemy, Astrology and Magic in Renaissance Prague ( in the UK, ISBN 0-436-20521-1 ; in Canada, ISBN 0-7717-5690-7 ); and in paperback as The Mercurial Emperor: The Magic Circle of Rudolf II in Renaissance Prague ( 2007 ) ISBN 978184413537.

* Rudolf II and Prague, 1997 official exhibition.

* Prague during the reign of Rudolf II, by Jacob Wisse, in Timeline of Art History.

* A Persian embassy arrives in Prague and meets with Rudolf II.

Finally, and perhaps most remarkably, Byrd's Quomodo cantabimus is the result of a motet exchange between Byrd and Philippe de Monte, who was director of music to the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II, in Prague.

Following Czechoslovakia's brief consideration of taking Marshall Plan funds, and the subsequent scolding of communist parties by the Cominform at Szklarska Poręba in September 1947, Rudolf Slánský returned to Prague with a plan for the final seizure of power, including the StB's elimination of party enemies and purging of dissidents.

Dee sought the patronage of Emperor Rudolf II in Prague and King Stefan of Poland in Kraków ; Dee apparently failed to impress either monarch.

Rudolf had Kelley arrested in May 1591 and imprisoned him in the Křivoklát Castle outside Prague, supposedly for killing an official named Jiri Hunkler in a duel, but it is also likely that he did not want Kelley to escape with his rumored alchemical secrets.

When the Turkish Wars ended in 1606, he remained in the service of Rudolf II in Prague until he was appointed commander of the Catholic League forces

* Marshall, Peter: The Magic Circle of Rudolf II: Alchemy and Astrology in Renaissance Prague.

These comments were written by the leading communist intellectual Alfred Klahr ( under his pseudonym " Rudolf "), after being asked in 1936 by the communist leadership in exile in Prague if the theoretical notion of an independent Austrian nation separate from Germany existed.