* Rutherford scattering

), and analytical techniques ( characterization techniques such as electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, calorimetry, nuclear microscopy ( HEFIB ), Rutherford backscattering, neutron diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering ( SAXS ), etc.

In physics, Rutherford scattering is a phenomenon that was explained by Ernest Rutherford in 1911, and led to the development of the Rutherford model ( planetary model ) of the atom, and eventually to the Bohr model.

The classical Rutherford scattering of alpha particles against gold nuclei is an example of " elastic scattering " because the energy and velocity of the outgoing scattered particle is the same as that with which it began.

Rutherford also later analyzed inelastic scattering when he projected alpha particles against hydrogen nuclei ( protons ), and this latter process is not classical Rutherford scattering, although it was first observed by him.

For the case of light alpha particles scattering off heavy nuclei, as in the experiment performed by Rutherford, the reduced mass is essentially the mass of the alpha particle and the nucleus off of which it scatters is essentially stationary in the lab frame.

Finally, plugging in the previously derived expression for the impact parameter we find the Rutherford scattering cross section

Rutherford realized this, and also realized that actual impact of the alphas on gold causing any force-deviation from that of the 1 / r coulomb potential would change the form of his scattering curve at high scattering angles ( the smallest impact parameters ) from a hyperbola to something else.

* New Zealand-born British physicist Ernest Rutherford deduces the existence of a compact atomic nucleus from scattering experiments.

Deep inelastic scattering is a method of probing the structure of subatomic particles in much the same way as Rutherford probed the inside of the atom ( see Rutherford scattering ).

As in Rutherford scattering, deep inelastic scattering of electrons by proton targets revealed that most of the incident electrons interact very little and pass straight through, with only a small number bouncing back.

During wartime research on the atomic bomb, American physicists at Purdue University who were deflecting neutrons off uranium nuclei ( similar to Rutherford scattering ) described the uranium nucleus as " big as a barn ".

The gift is being presented by `` heirs and descendants of the Rutherford family of New Jersey, whose famous estate, `` Tranquility '', was located near the Duncan Phyfe workshop at Andover, N. J..

The other Rutherford films ( all directed by George Pollock ) were Murder at the Gallop ( 1963 ), based on the 1953 Hercule Poirot novel After the Funeral ( In this film, she is identified as Miss JTV Marple, though there was no indication as to what the extra initials might stand for ); Murder Most Foul ( 1964 ), based on the 1952 Poirot novel Mrs McGinty's Dead ; and Murder Ahoy!

The Rutherford films are frequently repeated on television in Germany, and in that country Miss Marple is generally identified with Rutherford's quirky portrayal.

The first is by John D. Rutherford and the second by Edith Grossman.

Frederick Soddy ( 2 September 1877 – 22 September 1956 ) was an English radiochemist and monetary economist who explained, with Ernest Rutherford, that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements, now known to involve nuclear reactions.

Furthermore, as noted by Bohr, Moseley's law provided a reasonably complete experimental set of data that supported the ( new from 1911 ) conception by Ernest Rutherford and Antonius Van den Broek of the atom, with a positively-charged nucleus surrounded by negatively-charged electrons in which the atomic number is understood to be the exact physical number of positive charges ( later discovered and called protons ) in the central atomic nuclei of the elements.

Nitrogen is formally considered to have been discovered by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air or fixed air.

Rutherfordium ( ) is a chemical element with symbol Rf and atomic number 104, named in honor of New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford.

The Americans, however, proposed rutherfordium ( Rf ) for the new element to honor Ernest Rutherford, who is known as the " father " of nuclear physics.

It is now exploited by the materials analytical technique Rutherford backscattering.

Rutherford is no longer syndicated nationally but continues to air in Calgary, Edmonton, and London.

* May 25 – Indianapolis 500: Johnny Rutherford wins for a third time in car owner Jim Hall's revolutionary ground effect Chaparral car ; the victory is Hall's second as an owner.

* November 7 – U. S. presidential election, 1876: After long and heated disputes, Rutherford Birchard Hayes is eventually declared the winner over Samuel Jones Tilden.

* March 2 – In the Compromise of 1877, the U. S. presidential election, 1876 is resolved with the selection of Rutherford B. Hayes as the winner, even though Samuel J. Tilden had won the popular vote on November 7, 1876.

Rutherford also appeared briefly as Miss Marple in the spoof Hercule Poirot adventure The Alphabet Murders ( 1965 ).

During the early 1980s the FujiGen guitar factory also produced most of the Roland guitar synthesizers, including the Stratocaster-style Roland G-505, the twin-humbucker Roland G-202 ( endorsed by Eric Clapton, Dean Brown, Jeff Baxter, Yannis Spathas, Steve Howe, Mike Rutherford, Andy Summers and Steve Hackett ) and the Ibanez X-ING IMG-2010.

Rutherford Stuyvesant, the 19th century New York developer, and his descendants are also descended from Pieter Stuyvesant, however Rutherford Stuyvesant changed his name from Stuyvesant Rutherford in 1863 to satisfy the terms of a will.

During his time as a senator, he was also a member of the Electoral Commission that decided the 1876 Presidential election in favor of Republican Rutherford B. Hayes.

He was also a member of the Jazz Composer's Orchestra and Iskra 1903, a trio with double-bass player Barry Guy and trombone player Paul Rutherford that was named after a newspaper published by the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin.

Walterhill, also known as Walter Hill, is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Rutherford County, Tennessee, United States.

Rutherford was also the first to integrate his own work on radon with that of others on radon's atomic mass, its spectrum, and its position on the periodic table.

He also briefly set up an art school in Manchester where he was to teach the artist Harry Rutherford, whom he later described as " my intellectual heir ".

Scattering also includes the interaction of billiard balls on a table, the Rutherford scattering ( or angle change ) of alpha particles by gold nuclei, the Bragg scattering ( or diffraction ) of electrons and X-rays by a cluster of atoms, and the inelastic scattering of a fission fragment as it traverses a thin foil.

Pendleton also failed to be elected to the Fortieth Congress and was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Governor of Ohio in 1869, losing to Rutherford B. Hayes.

Flush with cash, Gravano also invested in trotting horses to race at the Meadowlands Racetrack in East Rutherford, New Jersey.

The Union also runs the Parkwood bar Woody's, " Rutherford bar " ( Rutherford ) and nightclub The Venue.

Rutherford also conjectured that all nuclei other than hydrogen contain chargeless particles, which he named the neutron.

Initially, Stewart remained loyal to Rutherford, and went so far as to allege in the legislature that insurgent Liberal John R. Boyle had offered two members of the legislative assembly ( MLAs ), who were also hotel keepers, immunity from prosecution for liquor violations if they would support a new government in which Boyle was Attorney-General.

Besides his law practice, Rutherford was a successful real estate investor, and also owned an interest in gold mining equipment situated on the North Saskatchewan River.

Rutherford also criticized McCauley's past record, accusing him of silence on issues that were of concern to his constituents.

Rutherford also introduced free school texts in the province, though he was criticized for commissioning the texts from a Toronto publisher ( which printed them in New York ) rather than locally.

Rutherford also acted as director of the Canada National Fire Insurance Company, the Imperial Canadian Trust Company, the Great West Permanent Loan Company, and the Monarch Life Assurance Company.