Because SOFCs are made entirely of solid materials, they are not limited to the flat plane configuration of other types of fuel cells and are often designed as rolled tubes.

SOFCs are unique in that negatively charged oxygen ions travel from the cathode ( negative side of the fuel cell ) to the anode ( positive side of the fuel cell ) instead of positively charged hydrogen ions travelling from the anode to the cathode, as is the case in all other types of fuel cells.

Like SOFCs, MCFCs are capable of converting fossil fuel to a hydrogen-rich gas in the anode, eliminating the need to produce hydrogen externally.

More recently, Proton Conducting SOFCs ( PC-SOFC ) are being developed which transport protons instead of oxygen ions through the electrolyte with the advantage of being able to be run at lower temperatures than traditional SOFCs.

At these temperatures, SOFCs do not require expensive platinum catalyst material, as is currently necessary for lower temperature fuel cells such as PEMFCs, and are not vulnerable to carbon monoxide catalyst poisoning.

Mixed ionic / electronic conducting ( MIEC ) ceramics, such as the perovskite LSCF, are also being researched for use in intermediate temperature SOFCs as they are more active and can makeup for the increase in the activation energy of reaction.

Nickel-and steel-based alloys are becoming more promising as lower temperature ( 600 – 800 ° C ) SOFCs are developed.

SOFCs that operate in an intermediate temperature ( IT ) range, meaning between 600 and 800 ° C, are named ITSOFCs.

However, some disadvantages are: the ~ 80oC operating temperature is too low for cogeneration like in SOFCs and that the electrolyte for PEMFCs must be water saturated.

SOFCs can also be fueled by externally reforming heavier hydrocarbons, such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel ( JP-8 ) or biofuels.

SOFCs can also be made in tubular geometries where either air or fuel is passed through the inside of the tube and the other gas is passed along the outside of the tube.

Other geometries of SOFCs include modified planar fuel cell designs ( MPC or MPSOFC ), where a wave-like structure replaces the traditional flat configuration of the planar cell.

Another disadvantage of SOFC systems is slow start-up time, making SOFCs less useful for mobile applications.

Molten carbonate fuel cells ( MCFCs ) require a high operating temperature,, similar to SOFCs.

As with SOFCs, MCFC disadvantages include slow start-up times because of their high operating temperature.

SOFCs use a solid oxide electrolyte to conduct negative oxygen ions from the cathode to the anode.

The higher operating temperature make SOFCs suitable candidates for application with heat engine energy recovery devices or combined heat and power, which further increases overall fuel efficiency.

Unlike most other types of fuel cells, SOFCs can have multiple geometries.

The ceramics used in SOFCs do not become electrically and ionically active until they reach very high temperature and as a consequence the stacks have to run at temperatures ranging from 500 to 1, 000 ° C.

The high operating temperatures of SOFCs allow the kinetics of oxygen ion transport to be sufficient for good performance.

However, as the operating temperature approaches the lower limit for SOFCs at around 600 ° C, the electrolyte begins to have large ionic transport resistances and affect the performance.

In SOFCs, it is often important to focus on the ohmic and concentration polarizations since high operating temperatures experience little activation polarization.

Research is currently underway to improve the fuel flexibility of SOFCs.

Research is also going on in reducing start-up time to be able to implement SOFCs in mobile applications.

Due to their fuel flexibility they may run on partially reformed diesel, and this makes SOFCs interesting as auxiliary power units ( APU ) in refrigerated trucks.

Apart from the categorical imperative they derive from the metaphysics of the orgasm, the only affirmation they are capable of making is that art is their only refuge.

In this respect experience is broader and full of a richer variety of potential meanings than the mind of man or any of his arts or culture are capable of making clear and distinct.

Man, we are told, is endowed with reason and is capable of distinguishing good from bad.

As more men and women are made capable of living up to the challenge of decency the chances are improved that the pattern of predisposition prevailing in positions of strength in future crises can be favorably affected.

But in ways more fundamental than specific political opinions they are still what they always were: passionate, sure without a shadow of doubt of whatever it is that they are sure of, capable of seeing black and white only and, therefore, committed to the logical extreme of whatever it is they are temporarily committed to.

Since the provision of skywave service requires adequate freedom from interference, only class 1, stations are capable of rendering skywave service.

The natural anatomical and physiological defensive features of the upper respiratory tract, such as the turbinates of the nose and the cilia of the trachea and larger bronchi, are capable of impinging out the larger particles to which we are ordinarily exposed in our daily existence.

Very small particles, however, in a size range of 1 to 4 microns in diameter are capable of passing these impinging barriers and entering the alveolar bed of the lungs.

One might also wonder if monkeys are capable of developing bronchiolitis as we know it in man or the horse.

Theoretically, they are capable of extracting their required oxygen either from the surrounding air ( Ghoreyeb and Karsner, '13 ) or from pulmonary arterial blood ( Comroe, '58 ).

This viewpoint is further supported by Verloop's ( '48 ) demonstration of thickened bronchial artery and arteriolar muscular coats which are capable of acting as valves.

That a writer who is gay cannot be serious is a common professional illusion, sedulously fostered by all too many academics who mistakenly believe that their frivolous efforts should be taken seriously because they are expressed with that dreary solemnity which is the only mode of expression their authors are capable of.

Mobile forces are required to localize and attack detected targets, since the systems are not capable of pinpointing a target.

Channel-type image intensifiers are capable of achieving high-gain values ; ;

There has been some debate on whether or not humans are truly capable of psychological altruism.

Giant salamanders of the genus Andrias, as well as Ceratophrine and Pyxicephalus frogs possess sharp teeth and are capable of drawing blood with a defensive bite.

They may be as basic as pictures on a board that the are used to request food, drink, or other care ; or they can be advanced speech generating devices, based on speech synthesis, that are capable of storing hundreds of phrases and words.

More advanced methods of locating objects in the sky include telescope mounts with setting circles, which assist with pointing telescopes to positions in the sky that are known to contain objects of interest, and GOTO telescopes, which are fully automated telescopes that are capable of locating objects on demand ( having first been calibrated ).